<Why are there so few liars? The default is true exploit>Not Born Yesterday (1)

Hello, hello~ Hello everyone, I am the host Xiao P

In Decrypting Strangers, I hope I've put it in your mind how gullible humans are? The current mainstream explanation.

Because, in this unit, I'm going to tear him down! !

Starting today, we are going to introduce the second book, Hugo Messier’s not bourn yesterday. Why do people still believe it is so ridiculous?

No matter which scientist you ask, they will probably tell you that humans are easily fooled. Philosophers, psychologists, zoologists, and of course sociologists all lament over and over again how humans are so easily fooled and brainwashed. .

However, only Hugo Messier stood up and said, no! Human beings are actually not that gullible. Human beings are not gullible!

Human beings are actually rational.

I don’t know how you feel about it, but when I first saw it, my own brain was ringing with alarm bells.

No no no! Humans are gullible! Humans are stupid creatures!

And looking back at history, don’t humans make stupid mistakes time and time again?

especially

It's when we're talking about a group of people.

Groups are often mobs. One person may be difficult to predict, but a group of people is easy to incite.

In the 18th century, the nomadic Xhosa people in South Africa launched a riot in order to resist the then colonial British, killing the cattle in their hometown and burning crops.

The reason is because there are rumors that by killing cattle, cutting off their heads, and setting fire to the crops, the ghost army can be summoned to kill the British.

In December 2016, a man armed with an assault rifle burst into a pizza parlor. His purpose is not robbery, but he believes that former US President Clinton and Hillary secretly kidnapped children in this pizza shop and ran a sex trafficking ring.

If humans are not easily deceived, how do you explain those superstitions and belief in conspiracy theories?

And what happened over the years.

Fake news manipulates the masses.

Politicians fool voters.

And Cambridge Analytica! Use various means and data analysis to control voting.

And China's big foreign propaganda.

If propaganda and brainwashing don’t work, why are these people doing this?

Not to mention academic explanations

That classic experiment we have mentioned twice, but with different explanations both times.

Milgram's experiment with shocking students.

Let's introduce it again.

The subjects will be in front of a switch that can adjust the shock voltage, and the experimenter will ask them to give an electric shock to another unseen student to see if punishing the student can enhance memory.

The voltage will be continuously increased, and the student on the other side will make various sounds, begging the subject to stop the electric shock.

Of course, he is not a real student, he is just a hidden stake pretending to be shocked.

However, many subjects believed that they had actually been shocked.

Moreover, even if he believed he was being electrocuted, the subject would slowly increase the voltage to a fatal level of 450 volts.

The reason is just because the experimenter wearing a white coat next to him kept saying it.

The experiment must be performed, and you must shock him!

Humans bow to authority and experts.

Not only that, remember the line segment experiment?

The subjects were asked to answer a simple question, which was to look at three lines and answer, which line is the first one as long as?

The lengths of these three lines are obvious, and even a five-year-old child can easily answer them correctly.

However, 30% of the subjects answered incorrectly.

Why?

Because besides him, there were several hidden stakes present, and these people all answered wrong answers.

Therefore, we say that this person has followed the crowd.

Another similar experiment involved a hidden stake standing on a sidewalk and staring out of a building window.

As a result, it was attracted, and a bunch of passers-by kept staring.

It's as if humans just can't help but conform.

And why are people like this?

There are many scientific explanations,

In the anthropological community, the current explanation is that humans have to learn.

We have to learn, and the best way to learn is to imitate.

But who to imitate? It can't be because,

Press, if you like to cook while listening to a book today, why don’t you imitate Little P and my poor copywriting?

This judgment is very complicated.

Because it is complex, it is easy to make mistakes.

This brings up three thinking biases.

The first is the success bias. We imitate whoever is successful. But, obviously, this is not a perfect method. Look at that entrepreneur, he gets social fame and money, he is a successful person. So you start to imitate all his behaviors, including the hairstyle, what he buys, what he wears, the way he walks, whether he uses a long wallet or a short wallet... I don’t think I need to say more, this must be weird. . This is the success bias.

The second is the herd bias, that is, to see what the majority of people do, and to do it together without asking too many questions.

Finally, there is reputation bias. This is a bit like a variant of the success bias, because it is difficult for us to judge who is a successful person, so we just look at who has a high reputation and learn from whom. If many people know this person, then he is probably worth learning.

These three biases, while biases, all fit our intuition.

That’s right! You can agree that Jay Chou sings well, but that doesn't mean that the products he endorses are necessarily good.

Internet celebrities have high prestige and everyone knows him. Does it mean that he has high abilities?

I believe that these explanations are very suitable for the appetite of our audience.

Maybe when I said these three biases, you still nodded frequently to express your agreement.

Of course, what we said in the last book, Deciphering Strangers, defaults to the theory of truth, and these are expressed again,

Most of our ordinary people are stupid, they only follow the crowd and authority blindly, they have no judgment of their own, and no ability to think independently.

but! Hugo said, no! These mainstream claims are all wrong! Even if we are not necessarily knowledgeable, we are not easily fooled.

Hugo's logic is very simple.

Think about it, if human beings are so easy to deceive, in the long process of evolution, human beings should have been eliminated long ago!

Why don't groups that often do stupid things disappear?

Do you ever feel like your head is knotted.

What we said in the last book is that the presupposition is true. We said that because the presupposition is true, it is easy for human beings to cooperate, so the human group can survive. Occasionally being cheated is just a small sacrifice. Because of this, we are not very good at spotting lies.

I believe I convinced you then.

But what Hugo said was,

This is unreasonable! If one day there is a group of people in the human race who are very good at lying and love to lie, then as long as most people assume that it is true, this group of people who love to lie will be able to get a lot of benefits and they will have more resources. , in theory it would slowly crowd out the gullibles, right?

That's right, he pointed out a bug that was assumed to be true.

Let's think about the Madoff scheme, the largest Ponzi scheme in the world. How much money Madoff made! More than 60 billion US dollars! Besides, it was he who turned himself in that people actually caught him.

Well, since deceiving people is so profitable, there should be more Madoffs! It should even be said that Madoff will become a majority sooner or later, because the benefits are too great.

But, no.

This is presupposed to be true and unexplainable.

And the reason, perhaps, is that people don't get duped because presuppositions are true, people accept those things because they think it's good for them.

So, starting from the next episode, I will talk about why people still believe in such absurdity? not bourn yesterday. This book.

I will tell you why Hugo can challenge mainstream thinking alone.

I thought it was really interesting.

Look at the same problem from two different perspectives.

I personally think that these two views are neither right nor wrong, but depend on the angle you look at and the behavior you look at.

It's like the economic theory that human beings are rational is correct? Or is it true that psychology says that human beings are intuitive and emotional?

Maybe, they are all correct.

Human beings are rational in some circumstances and emotional in others.

However, if you don't have these two thoughts in your mind at the same time, you will easily judge that person.

And this is something neither Sapolski Glavel nor Hugo Messier wants to see.

The standard of first-class intelligence is that there are two completely opposite ideas in the head at the same time, and people who can still do things normally.

So, wise man,

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See you in the next episode, bye bye~

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