Peking University Chinese professor talks about tragic love in Jin Yong's novels

Speaker profile: Kong Qingdong, associate professor of Chinese Department of Peking University. In 1983, he was admitted to the Chinese Department of Peking University from Harbin. Mr. Qian Liqun's master's degree and Mr. Yan Jiayan's doctorate. He specializes in modern novels and martial arts novels . His works include "Beijing University", "207 on the 47th floor", "Black Solitude", "Long Live the Slogan", "Brotherhood Culture", "Flying Sky at the Bottom of the Well", " Jin Yong Xia Yu", "Crazy Words in the Empty Mountain" and so on.

Today we are going to discuss a topic that sounds very mundane-love, but we are not directly talking about love, not directly making a high-profile discussion on the issue of love, talking about vows, love at first sight, including evening love, one-night stand, we all Not to mention, today we want to look at this issue with the help of the works of a famous novelist and the eyes of a famous literary master. This novelist and this writer is Jin Yong. There are also some novelists who are good at writing about love, or are accustomed to writing about love, but what he writes in each of his works is similar. This work is about a love triangle, and the lower work is about a four-cornered love. The stories are similar, they are the same. And why Jin Yong's works can maintain his permanent charm? It's just that these love stories are never the same. One has the same characteristics and the other has the same style. In life, each has their corresponding structure. Therefore, I say that in a certain sense, Jin Yong's novels can be said to be an "encyclopedia" of love. You can find all kinds of love in Jin Yong's works, not the love of the martial arts character, but what we know. love. What kind of love exists in life, it can be said that what kind of love exists in Jin Yong's works, it travels through time and space.

Jin Yong's ability to write love is very great. He is often able to write multiple groups and multiple types of love in one work, both multiple groups and multiple types. Let's take a " Flying Fox Story ". There are several unforgettable tragic romances in "Flying Fox Story", such as the love between the hero Hu Feihe and Yuan Ziyi, and the love between him and Cheng Lingsu.

"Flying Fox Story" is to start another novel called "Flying Fox in Snow Mountain", to start the story that is not unfolded in it. For example, Hu Fei and Yuan Ziyi were a couple in love, but the bad guy Hu Fei wanted to hunt down all the way was Yuan Ziyi's biological father. This was another conflict between love and righteousness. That is, you love this girl, two people love each other very much, but her father is a big villain, do you still want to complete this task of revenge for the common people? In the end, this contradiction made him unable to solve it, and in the end their love did not succeed and had no end. During this process, there was a girl named Cheng Lingsu. She fell in love with Hu Fei deeply, but Hu Fei did not love her. Hu Fei always loved Yuan Ziyi, and Cheng Lingsu was the one who took care of him. But after he found out, he told her that the two of us were brothers and sisters, and Cheng Lingsu agreed to him. If we were two brothers and sisters, it was equivalent to rejecting people thousands of miles away, and it was equivalent to blocking people's roads. You are my sister, we are brothers and sisters. But in the end, this Cheng Lingsu died for him. Cheng Lingsu was very careful and attentive. In order to save him in the end, such a girl was poisoned, sucked out poisonous blood for him, and arranged for him very well before dying. That paragraph is very tear-jerking, and few people read that paragraph without emotion, so people who like Jin Yong's novels generally don't dare to read that paragraph, and the most moving paragraphs are often afraid to read.

Therefore, although "Flying Fox Story" is to supplement "Flying Fox in Snow Mountain" to write about Hu Fei's growth process, these groups of love are very impressive.

Let's look at another amazing love character.

There are "Four Great Evils" in " Tian Long Ba Bu ". The "Four Evils" have four idioms according to their degree of evil. Do all evil and do nothing", we are talking about this "do all evil and do nothing" Ye Erniang. At the beginning of this novel, Ye Erniang, when the "Four Villains" came out, we first thought that this must be a villain, and she was ranked second in the four villains, how vicious! See how evil she is? Very disgusting, can not accept such evil. We say that the evil of Li Mochou is acceptable, but it is killing innocents indiscriminately, and Mei Chaofeng also killing innocents indiscriminately, and the killing method is very sinister, but that's it. This Erniang Ye is even more unforgivable, how can she be so hateful? She grabbed other people's children everywhere and killed them. She was holding a baby, grabbing a baby from somewhere, and pretending to coax the child there. The child is good, the child is good, it seems to be coaxing this child. But the third child in the "Four Great Villains" can't stand it anymore. The third child said, if you want to kill him, you should kill him quickly. Don't pretend to be like this, even the villains in the same camp will watch it. If I can't stand it, I can't stand her evil, she will find a way to kill this child in a while. It seems unacceptable on the surface for a woman to be so cruel and inhuman, but we wonder, why is she like this? She must have her reasons for such a person. From the perspective of our current psychology, this is a perverted behavior. She has an obsessive-compulsive disorder and forces herself to kill a child every day. This is difficult for ordinary psychiatrists to treat her. She must have a huge reason. Later, after reading the novel, we slowly understood why she was so perverted. Because her own child was snatched away by someone else, the newly born child was an illegitimate child, and this illegitimate child was snatched away by a nameless big man and a very powerful knight. And who did she have this illegitimate child with? Who is her lover? Her lover is a well-known and respected monk in all corners of the world. Ye Erniang is very bad in the arena, and everyone hates it when she mentions it. She makes her reputation worse and worse. However, she always refused to reveal who her lover was. She couldn't ruin her lover's reputation. She protected her lover's reputation all her life, not to mention who he was. Such a bad woman, yet so loyal to love. Readers did not know until the end that her lover turned out to be the famous Shaolin Temple abbot Xuanci, who took the lead.

We know that in martial arts novels, the status of Shaolin Temple is supreme. In martial arts novels, the person with the highest martial arts may not be from the Shaolin Temple, but the one with the highest collective martial arts must be the Shaolin Temple. The status of Shaolin Temple in martial arts is like the status of Peking University in colleges and universities. The most learned person may not be from Peking University, but every school brings out a hundred learned people, and Peking University must be the first. Shaolin Temple is written as such a lofty position, but Jin Yong often jokes about Shaolin Temple, and often writes that there are some embarrassing things in such a lofty place as Shaolin Temple. If this Xuanci evaluates people comprehensively, he is a righteous hero, a man, a man who serves the country and the people. However, there are inevitably some romantic affairs in life, and husbands are also human, so this Xuanci wrote very complicatedly, not a simple good person, nor a bad person, he just had such an affair. But such an affair would damage his image as an abbot of Shaolin Temple, so his lover Ye Erniang refused to reveal it for the rest of his life, protecting his reputation. Later, after the truth was revealed, this Xuanci bravely took on his own fault, and finally died. Their son is Xu Zhu, the one who was snatched, and later also in Shaolin Temple. His father did not know that he was the third protagonist in this novel, Xu Zhu, the one who wanted to be a monk. After the truth came out, it turned out to be such a sad and moving story. Xu Zhu grew up so big and saw his parents on the first day, and both of them died in a flash--Xuan Ci, he didn't use his martial arts to protect himself He was punished and finally beaten to death, and then Ye Erniang immediately sacrificed her love, because she saw that her son had grown up - so Xu Zhu just saw his parents, and the parents died.

Based on Ye Erniang's life experience, one can't help but think of the countless troubled teenagers in the society. How did the so-called bad teenagers and bad girls come into being? "In the beginning of human beings, nature is inherently good", how can there be a natural bad person? How can there be a born juvenile offender? How did these bad guys and bad kids come about? What do we do with bad boys? It's just punishment by the law. Now, when the public security bureau catches people like Ye Erniang, it's not a matter of shooting them, and they don't even run away when they encounter "strike hard". The law can punish bad people, but the law cannot solve the root cause of bad people. In social sciences, it is often a cure for the symptoms, but only in the humanities it is a cure for the root cause. Humanities need to consider how to promote good and exorcise evil. At least it must consider how to reduce the root causes of bad people and evil people. Therefore, some people say that Jin Yong's novels are very evil, or they are both good and evil, or it is difficult to distinguish between good and evil. Our lives are inherently indistinguishable between right and wrong. It is difficult for us to say who is the absolute good person, the absolute bad person, or that good or bad is not important. We say that it is not important whether a person is good or bad, but to examine him in the sequence of time and space, why he is good and why he is bad.

Let's take "Dragon Babu" as an example. The book "Tianlong Babu" is regarded by many as the greatest work of Jin Yong's novels, or one of the greatest works. The most shocking thing about this book is, of course, Xiao Feng's death. I have already compiled the passage "Xiao Feng's death" into college Chinese textbooks. In addition to Xiao Feng's death, Xiao Feng's love relationship with several women in the process of pursuing his own destiny is also worth exploring.

The first is Xiao Feng and Azhu. The relationship between him and Azhu is a pure and pure relationship. It is also a relationship between heroes and beauties. It is very similar to Guo Jing and Huang Rong. Because Azhu is also extremely smart, good at makeup, and very kind-hearted, she is very sympathetic to Xiao Feng's tragic fate, the love between the two heroes and beauties who were originally bosom friends. Xiao Feng was originally a traditional Chinese hero who stood upright in the sky. Traditional Chinese heroes have to have one condition, that is, they are not close to women, and those who are close to women are not heroes. We see that there are so many heroes written in " Water Margin ", one of the four famous novels . There is often a condition that he is only working on his muscles and bones all day long, but it doesn't matter very much when it comes to women's sex. This is a sentence often said in "Water Margin". It doesn't matter if a hero must be a woman. Exercise every day. This is a hero. As for Xiao Feng, he was originally not close to women, but he was moved by Azhu's true feelings, so there was a sincere love between the two of them. For this love, they have a white-headed covenant. There is a chapter called "The Shepherd's Empty Covenant." They said that after finishing the task in front of us, we will go outside the fortress to shepherd sheep and hunt, and live a free and free life, which is very good. ideal. However, the fate is very tragic. In the process of their pursuit of Xiao Feng's great enemy, Azhu is for Xiao Feng's sake, and for him not to be hurt. She feels that Xiao Feng can't beat that great enemy Duan Zhengchun, and she does not want Duan Zhengchun. --actually, it was her biological father- who fought Xiao Feng for life and death, so she decided to use her own life to save the matter. On a rainy night, she pretended to be her father to fight against Xiao Feng, but Xiao Feng ignored her because she could wear makeup. Xiao Feng ignored her and slapped him with all his strength, and Azhu was killed. This incident, this scene has the same shocking power as the ancient Greek tragedy, that is, the person I love most died by my own hands. At this time, we can't help but ask, does God have eyes? Is there any god? So this matter is Xiao Feng's lifelong pain, which cannot be removed for the rest of his life. So later he was unhappy. He later went to Liao and became the king of the South Court. The emperor of Liao saw that he was not happy every day, and later found out that he liked a girl from Jiangnan. Hey, my brother turns out to be a girl who likes Jiangnan! In the future, we will conquer the Song Dynasty. Some of them are girls from Jiangnan. You can choose them as you like. He doesn't know the depth of his love. He doesn't know that he doesn't mean that he likes beautiful girls in Jiangnan, but that he has such a truly painful love. So Arjun asked him to do anything before he died, and he agreed. The most important thing Azhu asked him to do was to let him take care of his sister Azi, so after Azhu died, Xiao Feng took care of her sister Azi.

And A Zi is the opposite of A Zhu, she is a pretty bad girl, why? Because she grew up in an underworld environment, the constellation sect she belonged to, such an underworld gang, had extremely bad rules, and there was no senior or junior there. Yes, after whoever is more violent, you will be the monkey king, so every day you fight each other and calculate each other, whoever is the worst and who lives the best, is to completely transfer the evolution theory of the animal kingdom to human society. , a thing of simple evolutionary theory. But even such a bad girl as A Zi, she actually fell in love with Xiao Feng. This writing is very good, that is to say, a bad girl who has not received normal education, a bad girl, in fact, she still has a trace of human instinct in her heart. Kindness, the foundation of kindness, because she does bad things every day, she does bad things every day, which is the opposite of Lei Feng, and it is uncomfortable not to do bad things every day. But she didn't know that human beings are inherently good, and as long as there is a chance, this kindness can be induced. She usually just doesn't have the opportunity to induce her own kindness, so when will it be induced? She doesn't know it herself. In fact, on that rainy night, on the rainy night when Xiao Feng killed Azhu, she hid by the bridge. She saw with her own eyes that after Xiao Feng killed her sister, this Xiao Feng was so hurt, like a beast Roaring, the pain like the sky is falling and the earth is cracking. At this time, A Zi realized that there is such a good relationship between people, and there is such a thing. She never knew that before, she used to have a relationship between people and wolves, that is, eating each other. Suddenly, she found that there was such a relationship between people. When one person killed another, he cried. From that moment on, she didn't know. Unconsciously, she has the image of Xiao Feng in her heart, and she may fall in love with this Xiao Feng. Therefore, she especially hopes that she can replace her dead sister Aju. If I am better than Aju, some people love me so much, and some people care about me so much. Bad people are like this, not only is she bad to others, but no one is good to her. The bad person is actually very pitiful. She hopes that someone will treat her well, so sometimes, the bad person is just to pursue love and love, to attract the attention of others. We look at a child, when he is not cared for by his parents, he sometimes deliberately gets dirty all over his body, soils his clothes, rips his clothes, comes back and asks his mother to reprimand him, give him a bath, etc. He actually Seek mercy by doing evil. The same is true of the bad guy who grew up. He just wants to make a case, attract the attention of the society, and then let the police train him. He feels very comfortable.

This Azi hopes that she can replace her sister Azhu, but she herself is inexplicable. But we know such a girl, how could Xiao Feng like her? Don't talk about her, even if there are countless good women, Xiao Feng will not like it. Because there is only one Azhu in his heart, and the Azhu he accidentally killed, he will only like her. What's more, for a person like A Zi, he just fulfilled A Zhu's last wish to take care of her and fulfilled his responsibilities. How did Azi get Xiao Feng's affection? She lacked education in this area, so she used the simplest and stupidest way, for example, she wanted to kill Xiao Feng. You don't love me, I can't get you, then I'll beat you to death. If I kill you, won't I get you? I hold your body, you will never leave me, and I will always be with you. It's really "where there is a will, things can be accomplished"! In the end, she finally realized it, and Xiao Feng finally committed suicide. We know that at the end of "Tian Long Ba Bu", Xiao Feng used the death of a strong mountain and river for the peace between the two ethnic groups to exchange peace for the two ethnic groups. No one could kill him, he himself stabbed a broken sword into his own heart and committed suicide. After he committed suicide, Azi went to hug his body and jumped off the cliff. Azi's own eyes were once blind, but she was cured again. She was infatuated by You Tanzhi, who pursued her. She was also an infatuated lover. She exchanged her cornea for her and her eyes. She was cured, and at this time, she resolutely dug out her cured eyes and threw them away. She was still willing to return to her original blind state, and she did not want to see the world. Most of us think that this world has a lot of unsatisfactory things, it is dark and ugly, we sometimes exaggerate the dark side of that society, and in the eyes of a bad girl like A Zi, there is nothing good in this world , this world is full of bad people and bad things, only the hero she loves is a good person, now she has got his body and is about to jump off the cliff with him, this eye is useless, she threw it away again, to You Tanzhi. So even a bad person like her is willing to leave this world, that is, when she was alive, she couldn't get it; after she died, she got the hero she admired. This is a relationship between Xiao Feng and A Zi.

But this tragedy can continue to be excavated.

Let's look at the tragedy of Xiao Feng. A good beggar gang leader was suddenly told one day that you are not a Han Chinese. Because of this, you lost everything and fell into charges of being a big traitor, a big villain, disloyalty and unfilial piety, and all the way to kill the enemy. If he couldn't kill him, he actually killed his lover, and he was miserable all his life. What is the reason for it? In the end we found out, yes, Xiao Feng is not a Han Chinese, he is a Khitan. That is another national issue, that is to say, can't the Khitans be heroes? Jin Yong's novels use great power to criticize Han nationalism, write a lot of bad people of the Han nationality, and bastards of the Han nationality, and carefully create a series of heroes from ethnic minorities. Heroes like Xiao Feng, he is not a Han, he is a Khitan. However, even though he is a Khitan, if no one finds out about this, or if it is not revealed after discovery, then this story will not exist. Xiao Feng has been a hero all his life, the leader of the beggar gang, and the leader of the world's martial arts. Who found out? Why is there this tragedy? Who directly contributed to the tragedy of Xiao Feng's fate? This person is Kang Min, who is from Ma Pi, Kang Min, the wife of the deputy leader of the Beggar Gang. Why did the Madi people persecute Xiao Feng? Why did she expose this and ruin his reputation? Very interesting, but also related to love. The reason is very simple, because Kang Min is very beautiful and beautiful, all the men will stare at her in amazement for a while after seeing her, and they will all look at her because she is very beautiful. There is only one person who doesn't look at her, this person is Xiao Feng, why doesn't Xiao Feng look at her? It's not that Xiao Feng discriminates against her, because Xiao Feng is a hero, a hero doesn't look at beauty, and a hero doesn't like beauty. This is the difference between our Chinese heroes and Western heroes. Western heroes pay attention to what they do not love and love beautiful people. Every time 007 goes out, some heroic feats have to bring a beautiful woman. Our Chinese heroes are dedicated to the cause and rarely look at women. But Xiao Feng did the greatest psychological damage to this beauty by not looking at this beauty. I don't know if this concept is consistent with our current popular concept? Now if we say that you keep staring at a girl when you see her, they will accuse you of sexual harassment. You can't keep staring at a girl. But at the time of "Tian Long Ba Bu", a person like Xiao Feng, because he didn't watch it, because he didn't take a look at the beauty, was in trouble, so she made up her mind, good! You are a hero, don't you look at me? Not acknowledging my worth? Give you some color to see. In the end, Xiao Feng was killed for the rest of his life. So I sometimes make a joke and post a "fallacy", I say friends, when a beautiful woman is in front of you, please take a look at it, lest disasters come from heaven. Don't think you are too good or too heroic, just pretend to take a look. Xiao Feng actually caused a huge disaster because of such an accidental reason. This is very similar to what Hu Shi said back then, when a butterfly in Beijing flaps its wings, there is a storm in New York, and the world is related. It is a domino. When one falls, there will be a series of chain reactions behind it.

As for the story of Xiao Feng and Kang Min, we can see that there is a narrative pattern hidden behind it, that is, Kang Min is from Ma Di, and her husband Ma Dayuan was originally Xiao Feng’s eldest brother with Xiao Feng, Xiao Feng should have called her Mrs. Calling this Ma Pi Ren is Mrs.-in-law, so the story of Xiao Feng killing Kang Min actually has a prototype. If we think of other works such as "Water Margin", we will think of this story. A researcher summed it up as "hero kills sister-in-law", which is a very accurate summary.

We can read many of these stories, and this model is a tried-and-true model in literary history. Our literary research is to study the cultural significance behind the model, and what problems it shows. It contains many secrets of Chinese culture. The most typical hero image completed through this process is Wu Song. We can also think of something similar in "Water Margin", as well as Shi Xiu, "Desperate Saburo" Shi Xiu, who killed Yang Xiong's wife, is also his sister-in-law. There are two similar women in "Water Margin", one is Pan Jinlian and the other is Pan Qiaoyun. It's very strange. I don't know why the bad women in "Water Margin" are all surnamed Pan? I don't know what hatred the author has with the girl surnamed Pan? Both of them have the last name Pan. Behind this lies a hero's attitude towards sex. In the eyes of the Chinese, a hero must try his best to suppress his personal desires in order to fulfill his social responsibilities and sacrifice for the society, and his personal desires, he concentrated it on a beautiful woman. The so-called "beauty and disaster theory", beauty may not actually be so powerful, not so valuable, but it is concentrated on her body.

And the next question is strange, why does this beauty have to be a sister-in-law? Is she a sister? Why is she a sister-in-law? It is true love that can arise between heroes and other women. We see that the love between Xiao Feng and A Zhu is pure, noble and touching. But in traditional Chinese literature, this sister-in-law is the most suspicious and hateful image, which is worth analyzing. Let's analyze what happened to this sister-in-law? Sister-in-law, first, she is a married woman, she has no sexual taboos, there is no taboo in terms of sex; second, she is a foreigner, and her sister-in-law is a foreigner. Therefore, we see that in ancient Chinese works, the description of married women, her status is not very high. Even in many works, the value of the wife of a foreign surname can be destroyed for other values. Here, there is the most primitive cruelty of human beings buried.

Therefore, some people say that Jin Yong's novels are modeled. There is also a "hero killing sister-in-law" here. Isn't Wu Song's killing sister-in-law also a model? In fact, the pattern is not a disadvantage, any work has a pattern after analysis. In fact, there are more than 100 patterns in literary works all over the world, and no one can escape. The key is to use this pattern to write something. Xiao Feng killed Ma Piren as a hero killing his sister-in-law. However, he used this model very cleverly. It was not a story like "Water Margin". We knew from the beginning of the story of "Water Margin", how did Pan Jinlian do her? What's the matter, she's not a good person, and in "Dragon Babu", we don't know the truth until the end. At the beginning, Xiao Feng was framed, who did it? do not know. And in the section of punishing Ma Diren and killing her in the end, it wasn't Xiao Feng who killed her in a cruel way. Because that would destroy the hero's image, the one who finally killed Ma Diren was another bad woman, A Zi, who punished her. Azi tore off her tendons and hamstrings, cutting her all over, and then poured honey water into her wounds, and the ants she was about to attract bite her whole body, saying that this woman is worth hating. , but instead of the hero carrying out the punishment to punish her, another bad woman will do it. Therefore, we can see that the model adopted by Jin Yong not only draws on the wealth of his predecessors, but also can be accepted by our current readers in contemporary society. Therefore, the model does not mean rigidity. The model just provides the stage for the author to create. Just like Peking Opera has a model, you have to draw a face when you have a face, but the key depends on what you sing. Whether you sing well or not, the model You can't bind people. A metaphor we often make is called "dancing with shackles". You can dance even with shackles. The key depends on how well you dance.

It can be said that Jin Yong's enlightenment to readers on the issue of love is inexhaustible. So on the topic of love in Jin Yong's novels, we will come to an end today. There is no absolute authority on the issue of love. If it is wrong, I hope you will criticize it. Thank you!

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