德语笔记 - 语法01 - 德语的词性

我目前把德语学到B2了，想把德语的语法做一个体系化的整理，作为自己的学习的review，发出来跟大家交流。

德语的名词分为阳性、阴性、中性三个词性。

可以说，每个德语名词的词性都需要记忆，但是也有规律，而且规律只适用于90%的情况，剩下的10%全靠自己背诵。

这一篇作为入门和介绍，就简单举一些例子，后面会单独开一遍进阶版本总结词性规律。

阳性、阴性、中性分别是masculine, feminine, and neuter，采用的是der、die、das作为标记。

以下是基本规律 - 绝大多数情况下可以推断出来词性。

der

1. Nouns for men, including professions, are mostly masculine: der Bruder (the brother), der Arzt (the male doctor). 指代男人、男性职业的词

2. Nouns with these endings are mostly masculine: -or, -ling, -ig, -ner, -smus, -er, -ich, -ismus, -ist, -ant, and -us. Examples include der Lehrling (the apprentice), der Schaffner (the conductor), and der Zirkus (the circus). 基于词尾

3. The names of seasons, days of the week, months, compass directions, and precipitation are masculine: der Herbst (the autumn), (der) Juli (July), (der) Montag (Monday), der Süden (the south), and der Schnee (the snow). 季节、星期X、月份、方向

4. The names of car brands are masculine: der Audi, der BMW, and der Mercedes. 汽车品牌

die

1. Nouns for women, including professions, are mostly feminine: die Mutter (the mother), die Ärztin (the female doctor). 女性职业

2. Nouns with these endings are mostly feminine: falt, -e, -ie, -ei, -enz, -anz, -heit, -keit, -tät, -ik, -tion, -sion, -schaft, -ung, -ur, and -t. Examples include: die Psychologie (the psychology), die Metzgerei (the butcher's shop), 基于词尾

3. Numbers and the names of planes, ships, and trees are mostly feminine: (die) zwei (two), die Boeing 747, die Titanic, and die Eiche (the oak tree). 飞机、船、树

4. Nouns from other languages that have these endings are mostly feminine: -ade, -age, -anz, -enz, -ik, -ion, -tät, and -ur. Examples include die Schokolade (the chocolate), die Musik (the music), and die Kultur (the culture). 外来词

5. The names of motorcycle brands are feminine: die Harley Davidson, die Yamaha, and—when talking about motorcycles only!—die BMW. 摩托车品牌（BMW）

das

1. Nouns with these endings are mostly neuter: -chen, -ial, -ium, -lein, -ma, -ment, -nis, -o, -tum, and -um.* Examples include das Instrument (the instrument), das Auto (the car), das Ergebnis (the result), and das Museum (the museum). 基于词尾

2. Nouns that are diminutives (words for cute or small things) that end in –chen or –lein are mostly neuter: das Kaninchen (the little rabbit) and das Brötchen (the little bread/roll). 小动物、小孩

3. The names of colors are neuter: (das) Rot (the red) and (das) Blau (the blue). 颜色

4. The names of metals and almost all of the chemical elements are neuter: das Messing (the brass), das Aluminium (the aluminum), and das Kupfer (the copper). 金属

5. Most fractions are neuter: das Drittel (the third) and das Viertel (the fourth). 分数

6. Nouns that come from verbs and adjectives are neuter: das Schreiben (the writing) and das Böse (the evil). 来自于动词的名词

例外

• das Mädchen (the girl)

• der Junge (the boy)

• das Croissant (the croissant)

• das Restaurant (the restaurant)

• der Euro (the Euro)

• die Avocado (the avocado)

例外实在太多了，这里不一一列举了。