646 Mr. Qian Zhongshu I Know | Yu Yingshi

Beast Press: Qian Zhongshu (November 21, 1910 - December 19, 1998), formerly known as Yangxian, styled Zheliang, later renamed Zhongshu, styled Mocun, nickname Huaiju, once used the pseudonym Zhongshujun, male, A native of Wuxi, Jiangsu, a Chinese writer and literary researcher. Know a variety of foreign languages, including English, French, German, also understand Latin, Italian, Spanish, etc. When Yu Guangzhong, a famous Taiwanese writer, poet and lecturer professor, analyzed contemporary Chinese, he often praised Qian Xixue as the first among Chinese people. Writers from both sides of the Taiwan Strait, such as Tao Jie and Song Qi, also praised him a lot when he wrote them.

His wife Yang Jiang is a translator and writer, his daughter Qian Yuan is a professor at Beijing Normal University, and his cousin Qian Zhonghan is an engineering thermophysicist.

Qian Zhongshu is the son of the ancient writer Qian Jibo, who was adopted to his uncle Qian Jicheng when he was young, and was enlightened by his uncle. When my uncle went to the teahouse to hear about the book, Qian Zhongshu followed him. My aunt's family was a wealthy family in Jiangyin, and she smoked cigarettes. She got up late in the morning, and her mother-in-law and daughter-in-law looked down on each other. Later, her uncle also caught cigarettes. Father didn't dare to discipline Zhong Shu in front of his brother, but he took the opportunity to discipline him. At the age of six, he entered Qin's Primary School. After less than half a year of schooling, he suffered a serious illness and was recuperating at home. At the age of eleven, he and Qian Zhonghan were admitted to the first grade of Donglin Elementary School. In the fall of this year, his uncle died. At the age of fourteen, he was admitted to Suzhou Taowu Middle School. At the age of twenty, my aunt died.

In 1929, Zhong Shu was admitted to Tsinghua University with only 15 marks in mathematics. The then-principal Luo Jialun made an exception. Feng Youlan, the dean of the Faculty of Arts and the head of the Department of Philosophy at that time, once said that Qian Zhongshu "is not only good in English, but also in Chinese, and even has a special insight into philosophy. He is really a genius." Qian Zhongshu's eighteenth and twenty-year academic year The total score is a top, and in the 19th year, he got a record-breaking score of super class. In the summer of 1933, he graduated from the Department of Foreign Languages of Tsinghua University with a Bachelor of Arts, and went to teach at Guanghua University in Shanghai. In 1935, he married Yang Jiang, and later obtained the third gengzi indemnity to study abroad at public expense, ranking first on the list, with an average score of 87.95, the highest in history. In 1937, he obtained a bachelor's degree in literature (translated by his wife Yang Jiang as an associate doctorate), and then went to the University of Paris in France for a year of research.

In September 1938, he returned to China. When Qian just returned to China, he landed in Hong Kong and transferred to the Southwest Associated University as a professor with a monthly salary of 300 yuan. After returning to Shanghai from Kunming to visit relatives in the autumn of 1939, he received a letter from his father Qian Jibo asking him to go to Hunan to take care of him, so he did not return to Kunming but went to teach at Hunan Lantian National Teachers College. Back to Lantian.

Qian Zhongshu successfully created a group of intellectuals with distinct characteristics in his novel "Besieged City", and vividly reproduced the general state and mentality of intellectuals at that time, which is related to his experience in the Southwest Associated University. Book critic Mr. Xia Zhiqing believes that "Besieged City" is "the most interesting and carefully managed novel in modern Chinese literature, and it may be the greatest one". Since then, he has taught at Southwest Associated University, Aurora Women's College of Arts and Sciences, and Jinan University. In 1949, he was appointed as a professor in the Department of Foreign Languages of Tsinghua University, and was later named a first-class professor.

In 1938, Qian Zhongshu stayed in Lantian for two years and wrote half of "Tan Yi Lu". Two years later, he returned to Shanghai and wrote the second half of "Tan Yi Lu". The book was completed in 1942. After "Tan Yi Lu" came out, it was widely praised. Literary historian Cao Juren said: "After the victory, when you return to Shanghai and read Mr. Qian Zhongshu's "Tan Yi Lu", you will be able to understand a little bit of old poetry. Xia Zhiqing believes that "Qian's "Tan Yi Lu" is a masterpiece of Chinese poetry, and it is also the first innovative work that widely uses Western criticism to translate and annotate Chinese poetics." Records is not rated very high. Xia Zhiqing once said, "Although the book's vision is correct, the scope is amazing, and it is widely cited...it does not lay the foundation for the urgent need for re-evaluation of Chinese poetry'".

From 1950 to 1953, Qian Zhongshu served as a member of the English Translation Committee of the Selected Works of Mao Zedong, volumes 1-3, and spent a lot of energy translating Mao Zedong's works, but hardly published any articles. In 1957, Qian Zhongshu's Annotation of Song Poems was published, which was criticized soon after. In his preface, he pointed out the shortcomings of Song poetry and said: "Song poetry also has a defect. It loves to reason and make comments; the reasoning is often superficial, the discussion is often outdated, and it also takes great pains to develop the words." Hu Shi, who was in Taiwan at the time, saw In this annotated book, he said: "Only four poems by Huang Gu are selected, Wang Jinggong and Su Dongpo are a little more. I don't like reading Huang Gu's poems very much. Qian Zhongshu did not explain it in terms of economic history. I heard that the Communist Party wants to Liquidate him." "He deliberately chose some poems about social issues, but his annotations are really good. You can still read them." ... enjoy the "freedom of silence"".

In 1960, Qian Zhongshu participated in the finalization of the English translation of Mao Zedong's poems. In November 1969, the "May 7th Cadre School", which was assigned to the Department of Philosophy and Social Sciences of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Luoshan, Henan Province, was soon moved to Dongyue, Xixian County, Henan Province with the "May 7th Cadre School". In July 1970, Yang Jiang also came to the cadre school. In the "May 7th Cadre School", Qian Zhongshu once served as the sending and receiving work of letters. In June 1970, his son-in-law Wang Deyi was forced to commit suicide during the investigation of the "5.16" movement.

In March 1972, he returned to Beijing and began to write "Pipe Cone". In 1979, in his representative academic work "Guanzhuibian", Qian Zhongshu not only clarified many koan cases in academic history through traditional exegesis, but also made a lot of incisive and original works on the basis of combing and mutual proof of a large number of documents. Comment. It is an academic masterpiece that has gathered decades of skill, especially for comparative literature. This book is a collection of knowledge from various disciplines, and it has a good understanding of Chinese classics such as "Zhou Yi Zhengyi", "Mao Shi Zhengyi", "Zuo Zhuan Zhengyi", "Historical Records Hui Zhu Zheng", "Lao Zi Wang Bi's Notes", "Jiao Shi Yi Lin", "Chu Ci Hongxingzu Waizhuan", "Taiping Guangji" and "Three Ancient Three Dynasties Qin, Han, Three Kingdoms and Six Dynasties" and other discussions, he is a self-contained statement, and he is also regarded as a master of cultural criticism in today's China. "Guanzhuanbian" is said to have been drafted in 1972, in the middle of the Cultural Revolution, when Qian was homeless and living in a small office in the Institute of Literature. According to Zhou Zhenfu, the editor in charge of "Tan Yi Lu" and "Pipe Cone", Qian's desk at that time was not only a dining table, but also a bed at night.

In 1978, he went to Italy to attend the 26th European Sinology Conference. In 1979, he participated in the delegation of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences to visit the United States. In 1982, he was appointed vice president of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. At 7:38 am on December 19, 1998, he died in Beijing Hospital at the age of 88. Qian Zhongshu's last words on his deathbed: "The body only needs to be sent by two or three relatives and friends, no ceremony will be held, the flower basket wreath will be condolences, and no ashes will be left."

Anecdote

In 1935, when Qian Zhongshu first arrived in Oxford, he kissed the ground in Oxford and knocked off most of his front teeth: "Zhongshu fell and walked back, covering his mouth with a large handkerchief. The handkerchief was full of blood, and he shook the handkerchief. Half a broken tooth fell, and his mouth was full of blood." Yang Jiang was so anxious that he didn't know how to reattach the broken tooth. Fortunately, both of them were doctors, and they taught Yang Jiang to accompany Zhong Shu to find a dentist quickly, extract the broken teeth, and then install the dentures.

Qian Zhongshu's wife, Yang Jiang (real name Yang Jikang), was born in Beijing in 1911, from Wuxi, Jiangsu. Yang Jiang was admitted to Tsinghua University in Beijing in the spring of 1932, during which time he met Qian Zhongshu. It is reported that when the two met for the first time, Qian Zhongshu said, "I'm not engaged." Yang Jiang replied, "I don't have a boyfriend either." In this way, a talented person matched a beautiful woman, and then they married in 1935.

Hu Shi and Qian Zhongshu and his wife met several times, but Hu Shi said in Taiwan in his later years that he had never seen Qian Zhongshu. In the article "In Memory of Chen Hengzhe", Yang Jiang disclosed that Hu Shi and Qian Zhongshu not only knew each other, but also "eat a home-cooked tea" together at Chen Hengzhe's house. When Qian Zhongshu met Hu Shi, it was introduced by Gu Tinglong, director of the United Library. Both Qian Zhongshu and Hu Shi often read books at the United Library. Hu Shi also used a pencil to write an old-style poem on a small square of white paper to send Qian Zhongshu. Yang Jiang only remembered two of the lines: "A few useless pens, half a dozen people with a heart." On this small piece of paper, Yang Jiang put it It was only destroyed during the Cultural Revolution.

This "Inscription on Mr. Tang Jingsong's Leftovers" was written by Hu Shi the day after the September 18 Incident. Chen Yinke asked him to inscribe the inscription. Useless pen, half a dozen people with a heart. After all, the sky is hard to mend, and the forty springs are surging." Tang Jingsong is the grandfather of Mrs. Chen Yinke. Hu Shi himself may have been quite satisfied with this poem. In 1931, Hu Shi still wrote a poem to Zhou Zuoren: "A few useless pens, half a dozen people with a heart.

Qian Zhongshu suffered from various diseases in his later years, including asthma, laryngitis, emphysema, hypertension, prostate, cataract, acute cerebral cortical hypoxia, tenosynovitis, ureteral tumor, bladder cancer, acute renal failure, etc. Multiple surgeries, left nephrectomy. Even after his death in 1998, the autopsy revealed that there was still a large tumor in the stomach. Daughter Qian Yuan also died of bone cancer at the age of 59. His wife Yang Jiang was not found to have symptoms of heart failure until about 101 years old, and died at the age of 105.

Yu Yingshi: Mr. Qian Zhongshu I know

The news of Mr. Qian Mocun's death came, although he was not surprised, he couldn't help feeling sad. I'm not qualified to write a formal memorial because we don't have a personal relationship. But 20 years ago, by chance, I took over the conference twice, and listened to Mr. In the past, Mr. Chen Shi left the sentence "I cherish the elegance because of the elegance, and the bandits especially hurt my selfishness". I can only express the meaning of the first sentence in this short essay.

In late October 1978, the American Academy of Sciences sent a "Han Dynasty research delegation" to mainland China as a one-month visit to ancient China, and I also participated. When I was in Beijing, I proposed to visit Mr. Yu Pingbo and Mr. Qian Zhongshu. Professor Fu Hansi, who was in the group, proposed the name of Mr. Yu Guanying. Under the arrangement of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, we went to visit the three gentlemen at the residence of Mr. Yu in Sanlihe one morning. It was Mr. Mo Cun who opened the door. He was sixty-eight years old at the time, but he looked like four or fifty people. If it hadn't been for him giving his name, I wouldn't have guessed it anyway.

The conversation took place in Mr. Yu's living room and was roughly divided into two groups: Fu Hansi mainly talked with Yu Guanying about the poetry of the Han and Wei Dynasties, and Yu and Qian started with "A Dream of Red Mansions". But the living room is not big, and the voices of the other seats are clearly audible, so there are occasional exchanges between the two groups. Twenty years later, I can't remember the content of the conversation with Mr. Mocun, but it is roughly outside the scope of literature and philosophy. At that time, although the ideological atmosphere of the mainland was showing signs of loosening, the layer of ice had not yet melted, and both the host and the guest had to be careful with their words.

It seems that I asked him not long ago if he remembered his own Mr. Bin Si? Because I know a little background about him is mainly from the small talk of the fourth teacher of Bin. This is an indirect "reminiscence" -- a social way that Chinese people used to use when they met for the first time. His expression suddenly became very humorous, saying that he might still be the "little elder" of the fourth division of Bin. Later, in Taipei, I inquired about the fourth master of Bin, and the fourth master of Bin said that it was completely inaccurate. But Mr. Mo Cun did not continue to "reminisce", and I also changed the topic with interest. Then I seem to have moved the topic to "Tan Yi Lu". He even said that it was "less work" and "insufficient view".

At this time, Mr. Yu Guanying, who was sitting next to him, suddenly interjected and mentioned that Mr. Mo Cun had a major book in print. Mr. Mo Cun was humble again. This is the first time I heard the title of "Pipe Cone". He told me that this new book is still written in classical Chinese. "This feeds the spread of toxins," he said half-truth (I can't remember the exact words, but that's what he meant). I asked him a small question: "Tan Yi Lu" mentioned the two bamboo slips of monk Lingyuan and Cheng Yichuan, which can be contrasted with the three books of Han Yu and Tiandian. But the book does not cite the source of the two slips, where exactly are they found? He was acting funny again, as if I was deliberately testing his memory. But he thought about it for a while, and then seriously said that it can probably be found in the "Buddha Tongza" in the Yuan Dynasty.

Because the topic turned to Han Yu, I told him an interesting incident in Taipei at the time: Han Yu's descendants were fighting a "defamation" lawsuit for Bai Juyi's two lines of poems, "Retire and wear sulfur. I also added that, according to the textual research of Chen Yinke's "Draft of Yuanbai Poems", it seems to be true. But he disagreed, believing that "retreat" was Wei Zhongli's "word". This is an old saying in Fang Songqing's dialectics, which was supported by Qian Daxin in the Qing Dynasty. Mr. Sui Cun did not take Chen's research. Later, in the United States, he criticized Chen Yinke for being too "Trivial" (trivial and trivial), referring to the section in the "Draft of Yuanbai Poetry Papers" that verified whether Concubine Yang entered the palace as a "virgin". It dawned on me that he had reservations about Chen Yinke's knowledge. I wanted to say that Chen's examination was to prove Zhu Zi's big argument that "Tang Yuan flowed out from the barbarians, so the rudeness of the Wei family is not considered different", and it could not be regarded as a "Trivial". But he was a guest at my house at the time, and I couldn't say this in public no matter what.

Mr. Mo Cun's extensive knowledge is really amazing. He probably had seen the information about me in advance, so he made special mention of the English writings of some colleagues at Yale University at that time. He had indeed seen these works, and his comments were eloquent. Occasionally, the arrow will show a sharp edge, just like Authlr Waley said in "Tanyilu", "It is advisable to join the group to comment on ancient pictures blindly". But he always came out of a kind of gentle and elegant demeanor, sneering but not sneering.

The second meeting was in the United States. In the spring of 1979, the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences sent a delegation to visit the United States. At that time, after the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and the United States, both sides were in a heated period. Part of the delegation visited Yale, including Mr. Mo Cun and Mr. Fei Xiaotong. The leader of the team is Mr. Zhao Fusan, because at the official reception of the school, Mr. Zhao specially asked Mr. Mo Cun to give a speech in English, as if this should have been Mr. Zhao's task.

Of course, Mr. Fu Hansi and I went to the train station to meet the delegation. The only one I know is Mr. Micun. When I was about to give him a handshake, he suddenly gave me a "bear hug" with great enthusiasm. This is probably the official etiquette that has been practiced in the mainland for a long time. I couldn't help but feel a little bit at a loss for a while, and the answer must be substandard. However, my intuition tells me that Mr. Cun is very sincere. This time there is no need to "reminisce", we are really like "old friends".

That evening, Chen Shuping and I were entrusted by the school to entertain the whole delegation for dinner at home. There are no less than seventy or eighty people including the guests and the professors and graduate students of the school. Chen Shuping spent three days preparing this buffet. We usually seldom socialize, and this kind of liveliness is really unprecedented for us. Now let's talk about Mr. Micun.

Mr. Mocun came home in my car, so we had a chance to chat along the way. After only four or five months, I felt that I was able to talk freely without restraint. The ice in academia on the continent appears to have begun to melt. A rumor that has been circulating for a long time is that he served as Mao Zedong's English secretary. I asked him to verify this. He told me it was a complete misunderstanding. In mainland China, there was once an editorial committee for the English translation of Mao Zedong's anthologies. He was one of the consultants. In fact, it was only a nominal one, and it was rare to occasionally provide a little advice. I also asked him why his "Annotations of Song Poems" was criticized. Didn't he quote "Speech at the Yan'an Literature and Art Symposium"? He didn't answer my question directly, presumably because of lack of time, but mainly because he didn't bother to mention the critics of the time. He only said two points: first, he quoted a passage in the "Speech" as a matter of common sense; second, the biography and introduction about each family were written with great care. I told him that Hu Shi also said that his biography and annotations were wonderfully written.

I was vaguely aware that his explanation of quoting the "Speech" might be a hint to me about his attitude towards life. 1957 was the year of "anti-Rightist", and he had to quote a few "quotes" as a shield. And the way he quoted is really understated to the maximum. He is a pure scholar, not only has no Yaxing to "climb up" politically, but also avoids it. I had already seen this level twenty years ago, and now I have read the last two sentences of the second song of his 1955 "Nine Days Rain", and I am even more convinced. These two lines of poems are: Jinli is new to the building and lazy, and it is too cold to talk at a high place. This is his "Wong Huai Poetry".

The buffet that night was divided into several places because of the crowd. There were Mr. Mo Cun and Mr. Fei Xiaotong at our table. The distinguished guests from the mainland were very chatty, but everyone was very fond of listening to Mr. Mo Cun's "heavy speech". After coughing for nine days, pearls and jade grow with the wind." As far as I can remember, the topics of the guests naturally focused on the vicissitudes they had experienced over the decades, especially the "ruthless, unrighteous, and shameless strife and frame-up" among intellectuals (see "Lin Shu's translate"). Mr. Mo Cun also told a lot of moving stories, and they are all famous people at home and abroad.

What impressed me the most was about Wu Han. Probably I asked about the tragic experience of the historian Wu Han's family. Someone said some reasons and consequences, but Mr. Mocun suddenly looked at Mr. Fei Xiaotong and said, "Do you remember? Aren't others just as ruthless?" (to the effect) The expression and tone of his reply clearly indicated that Mr. Fei was one of the victims back then. Mr. Fei acquiesced to his words with a wry smile. In an instant, everyone stopped talking, and no one wanted to continue to ask questions.

During this meeting, I discovered the other side of Mr. Mocun's hatred, passion and generosity. Like Tao Yuanming, he also wrote poems such as "Ying Jing Ke" and "Reading the Classic of Mountains and Seas" in addition to "Returning to the Garden and Living in the Field" and "Drinking Wine". Try reading his 1989 "Reading the World":

Read the world and move the stream to destroy the temples, and the mass is solitary. The stars have not extinguished the afterglow, and the ashes after drowning are hard to burn.

Symptomatic also know that the medicine needs to be changed, and new techniques have been pushed out. Don't want to be long and separated from the old man, and leave Sangtian again.

I dare not interpret his poems, so as to avoid the ridicule of "sounding creations, digging holes and hiding" ("Huaiju Poems Preface"). Readers can do it for themselves.

I haven't seen him since we left in 1979. However, there is still a little aftermath, which lasted for more than a year. Mr. Mo Cun still strictly adheres to the style of Chinese poetry and etiquette heirlooms of the previous era, and pays great attention to etiquette. Soon after he returned to Beijing, he wrote a polite letter of thanks in his beautiful handwriting. Although I have rarely had a handwritten inkstone for many years, I have to follow it reluctantly. This way, there are no less than seven or eight times.

I have kept all his inkblots, but because of the relocation, I can't retrieve them for a while. But what moved me the most was that after the publication of the first and second volumes of "Pipe Cone", he sent it by airmail, and there was a personal inscription on the title page. Soon I received his "Four Pieces of Old Texts" and the "Spring Mud Collection" presented by Mrs. Ji Kang. Flattered, I respectfully wrote a thank you poem as follows:

The first edge of Yiyuan Cilin, Chunni long protective tube cone weaving. Yuantong Shi actually respects Jiading, and Huijie people's arguments and arguments are perfect. Cold-eyed and unforgiving corporal, deep heart once rested on the pillow. After Aoxuan passed the autumn rain, he looked at Qizhou at nine o'clock smoke.

Poetry is insignificant, but the words come from the bottom of the heart, and it is definitely not a work of secular reward. The third and fourth volumes of "Pipe Cone Edition" were published, and he sent them in the same way to complete the jade. I retaliated with "Reading the Three Pieces of "Pipe Cone":

Lying in the hidden forest and dreaming of a long cold, the water under Magu Bridge is turbulent. Now that the smoke and waves are exhausted, no fishing rod is allowed in the world. (Volume 20 of "Quan Hanwen")

"Avoiding the banquet is afraid of hearing the word prison", Gong Sheng's words are ancient and modern. How Guangwu praises judo, but also for words to exterminate the clan. ("Quanhou Hanwen" Volume Fourteen) In the case of He, the king of Jie and Zhou, he mistakenly blamed the Confucian crown for trouble. I have always been predestined to act because of many desires, and the witch-gu grievance and Pingguo have been disabled. ("Quan Jinwen" Volume 37)

Mr. Mocun was cold-eyed and warm-hearted, and he had more than three painful tears in Tang Qingmou's life. Although "Guanzhuanbian" may sound far-fetched, it is full of emotions about the changes in the world. The above three sections are just examples. The four giant volumes of "Pipe Cone Bian" sent by Mr. Wang, all of which have been corrected by hand, are especially precious. Although Hanzhai has many racks, this is the only set of rare books. The bad news came, re-edited by Moz, the feeling of a human piano, I would rather have it!

Mr. Mo Cun has already entered the city of Liyan immortality. A literary layman like me is not worthy of any praise, so I have to keep silent. I read Mr.'s book, from a historical and cultural point of view, the natural feeling is very deep. I hope to have the opportunity to write more in the future. Finally, I would like to solemnly point out that Mr. Mo Cun is one of the highest crystallizations of Chinese classical culture in the 20th century. His death symbolized the simultaneous end of Chinese classical culture and the 20th century. But history has no end. As long as the next generation of scholars are willing to work hard like Mr. Mo Cun, the 21st century may see the rebirth and new life of Chinese classical culture.