Prosperity's "Martial Arts" is a special military operation - the series

History is difficult to be fair, what is left? ——Read Zhang Hongjie's "The Prosperous Age of Hunger" and "The "Martial Arts of Prosperity"

Hu Houmen Guest (author): @Cui Xixi, Hu Houzi (Editor-in-Chief): @Wanderer Wuyuan

The Chinese often say "the coffin is closed". However, many things do not say that the coffin cannot be closed, and even if the coffin is closed, it is difficult to conclude. Especially when new evidence came out, the father said that the public was right, and the mother said that the mother was right. From the definitive indoctrination in the history textbooks to the debates that follow their own path, is history the only way of "relativism"?

Recently, while reading a book, Zhang Hongjie's "The Prosperous Age of Hunger" talks about the section of Qianlong's pacification of the Junggar tribe's Mongolia, and I am not astonished. The Junggar Mongolia belongs to Western Mongolia and has been a headache for the central dynasty since the Ming Dynasty. It was probably the same "tile thorn" that captured Ming Yingzong during the Tumu Fort change. The Junggar Basin between the present Altai Mountains and the Tianshan Mountains is named after this department. In the early years of the Qing Dynasty, the Junggar tribe occupied the north and south of the Tianshan Mountains. The power reaches to Central Asia in the west, and endangers all Mongolian ministries in the east, and even North China cannot be protected.

The guard of the Junggars during the Kangxi period was called Galdan, and anyone who has watched the TV series "Kangxi Dynasty" should have an impression. Its people can not but be called a generation of heroic lords, who have annexed many tribes in a short time, and their strength is almost direct to the Central Plains. It is a pity that Galdan was born at an untimely time and happened to meet Emperor Kangxi in his prime. Kangxi mobilized the whole country of the Qing Dynasty to go on a personal expedition and joined forces with other Mongol princes. After several battles, Galdan was finally defeated. But the Dzungars were not wiped out. During the Yongzheng period, the Battle of Hetongbo took place, and the Qing army was defeated by the Junggar army. For the Central Plains dynasty, the northern nomads have been a major concern for thousands of years. Even the Qing Dynasty, which was dominated by the Manchus, could not be relieved of exceptions. What's more, the Manchus were more ambitious, not only to be the emperor of the Han people, but also to be the great Khan of the Mongols, and to expand the territory to the extreme. Moreover, Western Mongolia is closely linked to the rule of Tibet. In addition to geographically threatening Tibet, Mongolians believe in Lama religion, and Mongolia and Tibet share the same religious beliefs. Yongzheng said, "One day in Dzungar is unstable, and one day in Tibet things are wrong."

In this context, in the eighteenth year of Qianlong's reign, the emperor learned from the "Sancheling" Mongolians who had surrendered, that the Junggar tribe at this time was torn apart due to the issue of the position of the Khan. Emperor Qianlong thought that the opportunity could not be missed, so it was part of his ambition to solve the Dzungar problem once and for all. In the 20th year of Qianlong's reign, despite the opposition of the ministers and the lack of food and grass supply, the rebel army of the Junggars, Amursana, was the forward, and the Qing troops of the North Road and West Road were united to pacify Mongolia. This is equivalent to launching a "blitzkrieg" to attack the enemy before he is prepared. As for the issue of food and grass, Emperor Qianlong decided on the policy of "grazing the enemy because of food", that is, in addition to bringing their own dry food, the soldiers could take it from the herdsmen along the way. As soon as these words came out, in ancient times, it was equivalent to allowing soldiers to burn, kill, loot, and take whatever they wanted. After all, in that era, soldiers and bandits were always one family. Let's talk about this first western expedition. The Qing army was divided into two large armies on the north road and west road, and with the rebel general of the Dzungar Amur Sana as the front, the mighty marched straight into the Dzungar. As for the quasi-department, due to years of civil strife and natural and man-made disasters, the army had already collapsed. So the first expedition encountered almost no resistance. Victory comes too easily, not necessarily a good thing. The Qing army did not have much food and grass, so after winning the victory, they had to return to Ili, and the Dzungar was handed over to the rebel general Amursana and the Qing generals to jointly manage.

Emperor Qianlong intended to take the traditional "divide and rule" approach, dividing the Dzungar into four, so as not to conspire again. But Amursana's field ambitions are not small, and he is about to be the new Khan of Simon. So he killed the generals of the Qing Dynasty and decided to rebel. The angered Emperor Qianlong then ordered to send troops again in the 21st year of Qianlong. Due to the suddenness of the incident, this time, the policy of "feeding the enemy for food" was adopted. Along the way, the Khalkha Mongolia has been the key target of the "sweeping wool" since the last rebellion, and the Qing army has not recovered from the last blood-sucking. Although there was no strong rebel army formed on the side of the quasi-bully, Amursana escaped repeatedly, and the "special military operation" of the Qing army failed to achieve the expected purpose quickly. As a result, the Qing army had to plunder all the materials of the herdsmen of the quasi department on the spot. In this way, the Dzungars who didn't want to fight and the Khalkhas who couldn't bear it, instead rebelled. It is said that "people are not afraid of death, but how can they fear death", which can probably describe the mentality of Mongolian people at that time. The front line of the Qing army suffered setbacks, and the backyard caught fire again. This is something Qianlong never expected. He had no choice but to give both kindness and power. On the one hand, he used the living Buddha in Tibet to influence Mongolian people, and he also wanted to give great rewards. On the other hand, he sent troops to suppress the uprising. The second time he conquered Mongolian, he ended up with a tragic victory. However, the heart of a hero cannot allow others to sleep soundly on the side of the couch. After a little rectification and a painful recollection, Qianlong ordered three expeditions to the Dzungar in twenty-two years. This time, he mobilized food and grass from the rear and started a massive war of annihilation. The remaining Amursa forces of the quasi-department had long been unable to contend, and the Qing army was invincible, and soon won a military victory. However, how to manage this sturdy nation that once made countless countries in Europe and Asia terrified was Qianlong's biggest concern. In the emperor's view, the law of divide and rule still cannot cut off the root cause. Especially after several rebellions (in addition to the Amussar rebellion, the Khalkha rebellion, and the Baiar rebellion of Huite's department), the Emperor Qianlong's idea of never ending the frontier was strengthened. Such a thought was turned into a terrifying sentence in the history books - "Strict execution is always the main thing."

In the first two pacification wars, sporadic massacres had already occurred. If we think that it was a last resort in the course of the war, then the behavior of the Qing army during the third peace can only be described as a devil. The grassland herdsmen lived by water and grass, while the Qing soldiers went upstream. This is not an ordinary military operation at all, but a genocide against civilians. For example, the Qing Dynasty general Cheng Gunzabu reported the situation to the emperor at that time: "In the Tuergen River, more than 100 people were killed, and their wives were collected... More than 300 people in Mahaqin were killed." "Xiaoting" "Miscellaneous Lu" records that the Qing army attacked in two ways and encircled it in the middle, as if hunting. Wherever he goes, no grass grows, and the pestle is stained with blood. The so-called "Everyone has been searched and picked up... Call them out, beheaded and slaughtered one by one, without a sound, the parallel head will die, and the wives will all be driven into the interior to reward the army, and many die on the way, so the types of erut are exhausted. Qianlong also said: "It is not appropriate for these thieves to show appeasement, but the old, young and the weak can keep it at their discretion... The two previous invasions were inevitably too condescending. If the same is still done now, the soldiers will withdraw , Yi and others will breed troubles again, and the past can be a clear lesson." The word "discretion" is really difficult to understand. Besides, human life is at stake, how can it be covered up by the understatement of "the kindness of the king and the father"? This action made the Mongolian branch from western Mongolia to Xinjiang almost disappear. A few years later, when Gong Zizhen returned to the hometown of Dzungar, what he saw was "no one cottage or one tent". After the Dzungar was emptied, Emperor Qianlong ordered different ethnic groups from all over the country to migrate here, and thus achieved complete rule over Xinjiang. It is no wonder that when we study geography today and talk about the Junggar Basin at the foot of the Tianshan Mountains, it is difficult to understand the historical origin of the term Junggar.

After this achievement, the actual control territory of the Qing Dynasty far exceeded that of the previous generation, and the Western Regions of the Han and Tang Dynasties finally returned to the rule of the Central Plains Dynasty after a thousand years. The northern frontier, which made the people of the Central Plains fear and fear, also subsided. China's population doubled several times during the Qianlong period, realizing another prosperous era in the imperial era. However, history is always difficult to be fair. Some people praised the great achievements of the world, and naturally some people should dig out the forgotten blood debt. While the former is likely to be used for some senseless vanity, the latter can also be used as an excuse to set off racial hatred. But in fact, to favor either side is forgetting and disrespecting the past. But genetically and culturally speaking, it is no longer important whether people today are closer to the perpetrators or the victims of the time. We were not involved in the decisions and hatreds of the time. Moreover, if new hatred is created for this, the chain of hatred will never end. When we look at this "useless" history, the first thing we need to understand, and the hardest thing to do, is to respect the facts. And on this basis, empathize with the weak, reject barbarism, and embrace civilization. I think that's what history readers should be. Many people now do not believe that civilization can progress and that human beings can progress. After all, even the modern world is still full of wars and exploitation. But from another angle, is it still possible to slaughter civilians for the ambition of a certain hero today, as it was more than a hundred years ago? Can we still kill other humans today for profit at all costs? Obviously not. No matter how hypocritical today's politics may seem, and countries do their best to deceive themselves for their own interests, there are always some common bottom lines for human beings. These bottom lines come from the teachings of history. The history of the past itself is difficult to be fair, but the legacy she left us must not be abandoned. Therefore, we need more

Facing every corner of history authentically. Overthrowing old forgetting with new forgetting will not move us forward. Only the "true" way can give people light.