The Shocking Conspiracy of Xu Guangqi and the Jesuits: Full Control of the Ming Dynasty (Series 6) Did ancient Chinese Confucian scholars not understand astronomy and calculus?

Author: Life without borders

Original site: Series 6: Did ancient Chinese Confucian scholars not understand astronomy, calendar and calculation? (qq.com)

Why did they package Matteo Ricci as a master of astronomy and calendar? (middle)

2. Did ancient Chinese Confucian scholars not understand astronomy, calendar and calculation?

"Astronomy" in ancient China can be roughly divided into two majors: astronomy and calculus: the former mainly understands the heart of heaven through observing astronomical phenomena, predicts the trend of the five elements' mutual generation and restraint, and reviews the gains and losses of the government based on this; the latter's main task is to monitor the movement of celestial bodies. Observations compile an accurate calendar to ensure behavior is synchronized with the sky. Because the careerists in the government and the public mostly used the changes in the sky to guess the political situation of the court, and even raised troops to usurp the throne. Most of the dynasty changes in Chinese history were related to this. However, what the dynasties and dynasties controlled was only the former, rather than prohibiting the teaching activities of formal astronomy and calculus knowledge.

Some people say that the Ming Dynasty prohibited the common people from learning astronomy and calendar. Those who hold this theory either lack common knowledge of ancient astronomical calendars, or deliberately distort history to achieve ulterior purposes. Numerous facts have proved that this theory is obviously nonsense.

Anyone with common knowledge of Chinese history and culture knows that without a considerable foundation in astronomy and calendar, it is absolutely impossible to understand Confucian classics such as the "Thirteen Classics" or "Four Books and Five Classics". You can't pass the examination of scholar, let alone pass the examination of Juren and Jinshi. In other words, only by studying astronomy and calculus well and reaching a higher level can one become a qualified Confucian scholar.

In ancient China, people who did not understand astronomy, mathematics, astronomy and other "science and engineering" foundations wanted to take the imperial examination? There are no doors! As an example.

As we all know, there are "astronomical records" and "records" in the twenty-four histories. As long as you read these thoroughly, you can become a great astronomer. In Chinese history, is there any dynasty that listed the Twenty-Four Histories as banned books? No.

Let's look at the "Thirteen Classics" or "Four Books and Five Classics". It must be emphasized that it is impossible for people who know nothing about astronomy and calendar to understand the "Four Books and Five Classics". For example, "Shangshu", at the beginning of the chapter, it talks about astronomy, calendar and calculation.

"Shang Shu Yao Dian":

Naiming Xihe, like the sky, like the sun, moon and stars, respects and imparts time to people. Divided into Xizhong, housed in Yiyi, called Yanggu. Yinbin came out of the sun, and Pingzhi worked in the east. Take Yin Zhongchun. According to Jue Min's analysis, birds and beasts breed tails. Shenming Uncle Xi lives in Nanjiao. Ping Zhi Nan wrong, respect. Riyong, Xinghuo, Yizheng Zhongxia. Fenming and Zhong, the west of the house is called Shibuya Valley. On the day of Yin's farewell, the level of rank and the west are achieved. In the middle of the night, the stars are empty, and it is Yin Zhongqiu. Jue Minyi, birds and beasts with hairy cypresses. Deuteronomy and Uncle lived in Shuofang, called Youdu. Ping Zai Shuo Yi. The day is short, the stars are subdued, and it is midwinter. Juemin, birds and beasts. The emperor said: Consultation! Ruxi and He. The period is three hundred, six days and six days, and the four o'clock are determined by the leap month, and the age is reached. Allow all kinds of craftsmen, Shuji Xianxi.

Regarding the passage of about 200 characters above, the official textbook of the Tang Dynasty explained:

[Shu] "Naiming" to "Xianxi" ○ Justice said: The above words can clarify the virtues, and also describe the things that can be understood. Yao's sage, virtue and good government are as stated above. But the sage does not have to be alone, he must be assisted. Because of Yao's obedience to ministers, he ordered the handsome people Xishi and Heshi to respect and obey Haotian, and to experience this phenomenon. A and B of the sun, the size of the moon, the star in the dim light, and the hour when the sun and the moon meet, determine the number of his actions, which is considered a year's calendar. But according to this calendar, I respectfully teach my servants the time of day. It is always a one-year-old calendar, and its divisions vary from four seasons. It is not only the general catalog, but also the sequence. Yao was in Xihe, and he ordered his Xishi and Zhongzi respectively to rule the land of Yiyi in the east. The place where the sun comes from is called Yangming Valley, and the position of the master here is made Xizhong rule it. Since he is in charge of the affairs of the east, and the sun comes out of the east, let this Xi Zhong respectfully guide the coming sun, and evenly order the farming in the east, so that his people can plant diligently. Divide the day and night, engrave the leakage and wait, and see the vermilion bird in the sky and the seven constellations in the south at dusk. This is the time of the day to adjust the solar terms of mid-spring. At this time, farming has already started, and people are not living indoors. It is suitable for the people at that time. The old and the weak live in the house, and the young and the strong will succeed. At that time, all birds and beasts are pregnant with fetal eggs, and they breed and match each other. In addition, within the divided Xi family, he ordered his Xi family to be uncle, so that he could rule the south, and he was in charge of the southern and eastern intersections, the beginning of summer and even the beginning of autumn. In the matter of equalizing and ordering the education in the south, respect and practice its teachings, so as to achieve its merits. When the sun is long, the day leaks the most, and the sky is full of fire and the seven constellations in the east are all in the dark. This is the time to adjust the midsummer season. At that time, the seedlings and crops had been planted, and farming was particularly troublesome. At that time, the people, old and weak, lived in the fields because they were young. At this time, birds and beasts have few feathers, and it changes when it is cold. It is also divided into Ming and Shi and the word Zhong, who lives in the place where the Western Sun enters, is called the Valley of Darkness. In the position of the master here, the envoy He Zhong governs it. Since it is the main thing in the west, and the daily entry is in the west, let this He Zhong respectfully follow the day of sending the entry, and the average order of the matter of the west, so that the civil affairs of the other party will be diligent. Divided in the day and night, the omissions are engraved in the same time, and the seven constellations in the north of the starry sky are combined and seen at dusk, so as to adjust the solar terms of mid-autumn at this time. At that time, the seedlings were beautiful and the farming work was not idle. At that time, the people were on the same level as Xia Qi, and they were all in the fields. At that time, the feathers of birds and beasts regenerated and have been slightly rectified. He also re-ordered Heshi and the word uncle, so that he can rule the place in the north called Youdu, and he will take the post of master here, so that Heshu can rule it. On average, inspect the northern year-old reform. As the days are short and the daytime leakage is the least, the Pleiades of the sky and the seven constellations in the west will be seen in the evening, so adjust the solar terms of midwinter at this time. At that time, the crops have already entered, and the farming is idle. At that time, everyone is in a dark room, and the birds and animals grow fine hair to keep themselves warm. This is the fact that Xi He respected heaven and taught people. This is what Xihe grasped, so Emperor Yao recounted it and sighed: "Ziqi! Ru Xizhong, Xishu, Hezhong, and Heshu. There are three hundred and sixty days and six days in one period, divided into twelve months. , then the remaining days will never end, and the qi will be uneven. If you use the leap month to make up for the gap, you can make the qi shuo have the four seasons of the seasons, and form a one-year calendar, which is your beauty. , Believe in being able to govern hundreds of officials in harmony, so that all merits are extensive." Sighing on the festival of Meixi and being able to respect the sky, all merits are extensive, which means the harmony of customs. ○ Biography "Chongli" to "Xuzhi" ○ Zhengyi said: "Chu Yu" said: "The decline of the Shaohao family, the chaos of Jiuli, the chaos of human beings and gods, and the chaos of human beings and gods, it is impossible to control things. Zhuanxu accepted it and ordered Nanzheng The heavens belonged to the gods, the fire and the Li belonged to the people, so that the old things would be restored, and there would be no intrusion. After that, the three seedlings restored the evil of Jiuli, and after Yao restored Chongli, those who did not forget the old ones were restored. So much so that Xia and Shang.” According to this article, there are no other surnames from Yao and Shang. After Yao educated Chongli, it is this Xihe that can be known. It is also the official document that Xihe became the ruler of the world after Chongli. "Lu Xing" first "emphasizes" and then "Li". This article first "emphasizes" and then "harmonizes". And "Huahe" inherits from "Li". "Lu Xing" said that "Nai Ming Chong Li" and this "Ming Xihe" are the same thing. Therefore, it is said in "Lu Xing": "Chong is Xi, and Li is harmony." Although Xihe is not a clan, he came from Chongli, so "Lu Xing" uses "Chongli" to say it. "Zheng Yu" says: "It is Gao Xin's fire." Then Gao Xin also ordered Chong Li. Therefore, Zheng Xuan commented here: "In the Gaoxin family, the fate is that Nanzheng is the sky, Li is the fire and the land." According to the text of "Shizhang", "Chu Yu" is used as the saying. "The Family of Chu" says: "Chongli is the emperor Ku Huozheng, who can light up the world, and his life is called Zhurong. The Gonggong clan caused chaos, and the emperor ordered Chongli to punish him endlessly. The emperor punished Chong with Geng Yin day Li, and his younger brother Wu Hui was called Chongli, and he returned to Huozheng as Zhurong." According to the Zuo Zhuan in the twenty-ninth year of Anzhao, the Shaohao clan had a son named Chong, and the Zhuanxu clan had a son named Li. Then Chongli and Li, each with an emperor. However, "Historical Records" also uses Chongli as the ancestor of Chu, Wu Hui as Chongli, and Chongli as the official title. This is the fallacy of "Historical Records". Therefore, Shu Xi ridiculed Ma Qian and thought the two were one, saying that this was the case. "Zuo Zhuan" calls it Gou Mang, Li is Zhu Rong, and does not say that Emperor He is the official. But Li is the son of Zhuanxu, and he is Zhurong, so he must be in the age of Zhuanxu. Even though he was the Yin of Shaohao, he had the same fate as Li, and it was also Zhuanxu's time when the envoy of the Ming Dynasty re-emphasized Jumang. Zhu Rong's Fire Officer can be called Huo Zheng, but Jumang Mu Guan should not be called Nan Zheng, and the tree does not rule the sky, and the fire does not rule the earth. However, "Gaizhuan" says that Zhuanxu ordered Nanzheng to govern the sky, and Fire Zheng governed the earth. The wood official also controls the sky, and the fire official also controls the earth. The south is the yang position, so the palm of the sky is called the south. Li called himself the official, so the land in charge was still Huozheng. Zheng replied to Zhao Shangyun: "Since the first teacher, the palm of fire has been the ground, and the cloud and li have been the north." Kong Wuming said, it is not necessarily true. According to the Zuo Zhuan in the seventeenth year of Zhao Dynasty, Tanzi said that the Shaohao family was famous for their birds, and since Zhuanxu came, they were ordered to be civil affairs. Ju Mang and Zhu Rong are both well-known officials in terms of personnel affairs, which shows that it was Zhuanxu's time. It is rumored that Shaohao's family has a fourth uncle, who should be the offspring, not the parent and child. why? It is said that the Gonggong clan had a son named Julong, and the Gonggong clan lived many years before Zhuanxu. How could it be said that the Gonggong clan's parents and sons were back to the time of Zhuanxu? Knowing that Shaohao's fourth uncle is not his own son, Gao Xin ordered Chongli or Chongli's descendants, it may not be possible for one person to survive the second generation. And Gao Xin, who was ordered before and executed later, should be a different person. Whoever is punished for a crime cannot be listed in the sacrificial ceremony. The Ming Dynasty was after Chongli, and the world took the name of Chongli, and the punished Chongli was the descendant of Chongli who had made great contributions. "Lu Xing" talks about Xihe, but it is still called Chongli, and he is still close to Chongli, why can't it be called it? In this way, we can know the difference between Chongli and other people in different worlds. Zhuanxu commanded that Heaven should be in charge of heaven, Li should be in charge of land, Xi's family should be in charge of heaven, and He's should be in charge of land. This cloud "is the fate of Xihe, and his appearance is like Haotian", which means that Xihe and the two clans jointly control the world. Matching the heaven and the earth, the sky and the earth form each other, the sky is the one who carries out transformation, and the earth is the one that produces things. "East work" and the like are local affairs, and each is in charge of the time, and it is not a different job. The case "Chu Yu" says that the emphasis on heaven belongs to God, and Li Yan's earth belongs to man. Heaven and earth are different, humans and gods are different, but those who hold the palm of the cloud, the outsider texts say the meaning of "Lu Xing", thinking that Shaohao's decline, the heaven and the earth are connected, and humans and gods are intertwined. , to explain the words of Jedi Tiantong, so each cloud has its own palm. The heaven and the earth are interlinked, and humans and gods are interfering with each other. Seeing that it can separate the heavens and the earth, and mutate the ears of humans and gods, it is necessary to separate it. According to the preface below, Xi governs spring and summer, and governs autumn and winter, and they both control the time of the sky, which shows their common duties. He also said: "As for the Xia and Shang Dynasties, the world is in charge of the world." "Yin Zheng" says: "Xihe indulged in prostitution, and the time was chaotic." Not knowing the solar eclipse, Xihe was guilty of the same crime, which shows that he is in charge of the world. It can be seen that Zhuanxu was ordered to rule the world, but the two of Li were important, and the four of them were ordered by Yao to be Xihe and Zhongshu. Since there are many sages from Xihe and the two clans, and their descendants are less literate, they are in charge of their duties. Part-time Fang Yue, because there are four mountains, so four people are used. Zhuanxu's order is to focus on Li, but to be in charge of heaven and earth. It is unknown whether Zhuanxu will be the master. It is set up to rule Fangyue, and Gai Chongli to divide things into things. Ma Rong and Zheng Xuan both ordered Xihe to be the official of heaven and earth. Xiayun "divides fate", and Deuteronomy is the duty of the four seasons. The relationship between heaven and earth and Situ, the governor of Zhou Zezhong at four o'clock, is the same as the Liuqing. Confucius said, "This is the purpose, and the next order is different", but only four people are ordered, and there are no six officials. It is said that the four mountains are the four sons of Xi and the four sons. According to the "Shundian", the six people of Yu and Yi were newly appointed to have posts, and they were twenty-two with the twelve Mufans of the four mountains. However, among the six people appointed by Yu, Yu was appointed as Baikui, Qi as Situ, Boyi as Zhizong, Gaoyao as scholar, and Gonggong as the descendants of Yiyu and Qi as high-ranking officials. There are other four mountains besides high officials, and the four mountains are not high officials. Confucianism means that Xihe is not a high-ranking official, who is not in charge of the world, but the heaven and the earth travel in the four seasons, and the four seasons are in the four directions. "Zuo Zhuan" said that Shaohao's family was famous for its birds, and Wujiu's family was the official of the Zhou Dynasty. Apart from Wujiu, there is another Fengniao family, Li Zhengye, who ranks above Wujiu. It is since the last generation that the calendar has been emphasized, so it is known that Yao, apart from the high officials, ordered Xihe to rule the world. At that time, Xihe seemed to be respected by the princes, but he became a little humbler in later generations. "Zhou Li" "Taishi Zhang Zhengzheng to preface things", that is, the responsibility of ancient Xihe. In the seventeenth year of Huan's "Zuo Zhuan", it said that "the Japanese officials live in the bottom day of the Qing Dynasty", and they still respect their palms. Zhou Zhiqing's officialdom was the most important thing in Yao's time, so he specially said "it is the order of Xihe". This "Naiming Xihe" retells the story of "Kemming and Junde", which leads to Yonghe. I have already discussed Yao's sacred nature, and this is said that Yao's appointment of talents was based on Yao's body, so he used ministers, so it is said that "it is fate", and it is not ordered after "Shiyong". "Make respect and obedience to the Haotian", the Hunyuan Qi of the Haotian is vast and vast, so it is called "Haotian". "Shi Tian" says: "Spring is the sky, summer is the sky, autumn is the sky, and winter is the sky." "Mao Shi" said: "The respectful and the king is called the emperor, the vitality is called Haotian, and the benevolence is called Haotian. If you go back to Minxia, it is called Mintian, if you go up to the prison, you are called Shangtian, and according to the far-sighted Cangcang, you are called Cangtian." "Erya" has different names in four seasons, and the biography of "Poetry" is called according to the event. Zheng Xuan read "Erya" which says "Spring is the sky, summer is the sky", so he refuted "Different Meaning" which says: "The spring energy is generous, so it is said in a broad way. The summer atmosphere is brilliant, so it is said in a long way. Whether it is life or death, so it is said by minxia. The winter qi is closed and clear, so it is said by the prisoner. The emperor is honored and called it." Among the six books, those who call heaven seek their words based on their feelings. The ear is not necessarily called at that time. However, in this statement, Yao respected the four heavens, so he said it as "broad". "Stars, stars in the four directions", twenty-eight constellations, distributed in the four directions, transiting with the sky, and each other in the south, each month has its middle. "Yue Ling" every month at dusk, only take one star, if you look at it every day, that is, all the constellations are always in the dusk every day, and everyone can see it in the middle, so the middle star is used to represent the constellations, "in the four directions "Star" refers to the twenty-eight mansions. Or take the "Shu Zhuan" cloud: "The person who dominates spring is Zhang, and when he is in the dark, he can plant grain. The person who dominates summer is fire, and he can grow millet when he is in darkness. The person who dominates autumn is weak, and he can grow wheat when he is in darkness. In the middle, it can be restrained. It is said that the emperor is told above, and the ministers are written down. The emperor looks at the four stars in the south, and knows the priority of others, so it is called the time of respecting and teaching people. Confucius Yuxu and Pleiades have nothing to do with the stars, so it is not his purpose to use the "Book of Legends" as Confucius' explanation. "Chen, the meeting of the sun and the moon" is also the speech of Shi Wenbo to the Marquis of Jin in "Zuo Zhuan" in the seventh year of Zhao Dynasty. The day travels late, the moon travels ill, and every month when the new moon travels and the day meets with it, it must be at the place. Divided into twenty-eight mansions, it is where the sun and the moon meet. Chen, the time, there is a time for gatherings, so it is called Chen. "The meeting of the sun and the moon" and "the stars in the four directions" are both twenty-eight mansions. Take what people see and say it with stars. Talking about the meeting of the sun and the moon, if we talk about it in terms of the celestial being, it is actually one thing, so the stars and the celestial beings are written together. "Yiji" called the image of the ancients, the sun, the moon, the stars and the stars are one image, because they are actually the same. The sun, moon and stars, the three lights of the sky. Four seasons change, take this as politics. Therefore, Xihe is ordered to use arithmetic to push forward, to repeatedly record what he has done, and to see where the dharma image is. It is said that the stars are one thing. "Zhou Li Da Zongbo" says: "Shi Chai worships the sun, moon and stars." Zheng Xuanyun "Stars refer to the five latitudes, and Chen refers to the twelve times of the sun and the moon." Those who use stars and Chen as the two. The five latitudes and the twenty-eight mansions are all heavenly stars, the gods of the sky, and they are worshiped in every way, so Zheng Xuan divided them according to the situation. In this way, "respecting the time of teaching people" does not take the meaning of the five latitudes, so Zheng Xuan also regards stars and celestial beings as one, and Guanwen as the theory. However, the five stars and the sun and the moon are not moving, and they are not the same as the twenty-eight mansions. ○ Transfer "Zhaiju" to "Zhiguan". ○ Zhengyi said: "House, dwelling", "Explanation of Words". "Yugong" Qingzhou said: "Yiyi is a little bit." Qingzhou is on the bank outside the eastern boundary, so it is said that "the land of the eastern surface is called Yiyi". Yin and Yang are relative, dark and bright, so "Yang" is bright. There is no difference between yin and yang in the valley, and the world is bright when the sun rises from the valley, so the place where the sun rises is called "Yanggu". In winter, south and summer, north and south are not often found, but the sun travels through the empty road, as if walking through the valley, so the word "valley" does not mean that there is a deep valley, but the sun comes out of the valley. According to Richu, the so-called "Yangu" refers to its place name, which is called "Yuyi", so it is said that "Yangu and Yuyi are one." It also explains that "ju" means that the official does not live in the land, so it is said that "Xi Zhong is the official who governs the East". Those who say "separation of fate" go up to the cloud "Naiming Xihe", always raise their eyes, and divide their duties within "Naiming", so that Xi is in charge of spring and summer, and autumn and winter, and they are divided into one year and not in charge. , so the saying "separation of fate". Within Xihe, there are subdivisions again, so Yu Xia changed his words "Deuteronomy". After ordering Zhong and returning to order Uncle, it is his heavy order. Those who are ordered to have no uncles and seasons will have no uncles and seasons at the time, or they will not be virtuous. Then "Wai Zhuan" says that "after Yao educated Chongli, he did not forget the old ones, so he revived them." Ming Zhongshu can keep the old career, It is fate. This Xihe is in charge of ordering the heaven and the earth, and also knows the human affairs, and divides the four directions because of the four seasons. Didong cited the names of Yu and Yi, and it is clear that all three parties should have place names. This is the beginning, so I will cite the article in detail. Xizhong was an official who governed the East, living in the imperial capital and commanding it from afar. Wang Suyun's "all living in the capital and governing them, and sometimes reporting on their duties" is also true. The position of spring is in the east, because it governs the east. In fact, it is in charge of spring politics in all directions, so it is said under Hezhong: "This official who governs the west is in charge of autumn." To understand this, he is in charge of spring. The matter is detailed, so I will send it to each other below. ○ Pass "Yin Jing" to "Farming" ○ Zhengyi said: "Yin, Jing", "Shi Gu". The guest acts as the guide, so the "guest" is the guide. "Shi Gu" regards "rank" as a constant, and often refers to orderly order, so "rank" is order. The one-year-old event is cultivated in the east, cultivated in the south, matured in the west, and changed in the north. Therefore, the name of the year is used as the article, and the weather is in harmony with the weather to persuade people and affairs. Spring is living things, and autumn is becoming things. When the sun rises, things begin to grow, and people should follow its growth and work hard. When the sun enters, everything matures, and people should let it mature and strive to restrain themselves. Officials in the east should guide the sunrise respectfully, order the things done in the east, and make people cultivate. Officials in the West should respectfully send the sun in, level the ranks of the West, and make people restrained. The coming and going of the sun is natural, but by the coming and going of the sun, things are formed. Although Qi can be living things, it is not human. Diligence in farming is the guide. Diligent in the collection, is from the gift. There is nothing like this in the winter and summer writings. The north and the south are not in and out of the sun. According to this spring and autumn, they are together as guests, so there is no such sentence in winter and summer. It is a respectful guide to persuade the people in the class to do their best. The average order is to teach people, and each field has its own borders, which is equal. Farming is restrained so as not to lose its order, the king puts agriculture as the most important thing, and the scriptures are in charge of farming. "Yin Bin out of the sun" is the text of "Ping Zhi", so it is also explained together. Those who say "respect leads to the sun" are just saying that farming is done in the East with equal order. Zheng lives by "writing", Ji Qiu talks about the success of the west, and Chun Yi talks about the success of the east. But the merits of the four seasons all need to work hard, so we must talk about hard work, and directly talk about generation. It is clear that this starts from the beginning of the year, and the time says "East work", so that we can see that the four seasons should also be hard work, so Confucius explained it by farming. Zheng Xuanyun: "When the Yin guest rises to the sun, it is called the vernal equinox morning sun." It is also said that "the Yin guest is celebrating the day, which is called the autumn equinox eve". ○ Spread "day in the middle" to "knowable" ○ Zhengyi said: its mid-spring, mid-autumn, winter solstice, and summer solstice, Ma Rongyun: "Ancient engraving leaks a hundred quarters of day and night. The day is sixty quarters long, and the night is forty quarters short. The day is short Forty quarters, the night is sixty quarters long. Fifty quarters in the daytime, fifty quarters in the night." Rongzhi's words are based on the sunrise. The day and night of the sky are divided by the sun's coming and going out, and the day and night of human beings are limited by the twilight. Two and a half quarters before sunrise is bright, two and a half quarters after sundown is dark, five quarters are lost to benefit the day, and the day is more than night, and the correction is repeated for five quarters. According to the ancient and modern calendars and Taishi, the day of the summer solstice is sixty-five quarters, and the night is thirty-five quarters. The day of the winter solstice is forty-five quarters, and the night is fifty-five quarters. The vernal equinox is fifty-five quarters of day and forty-five quarters of night. This is not an easy way. However, today's Taishi carefully waits for the law, and the regular law is half a moment. From the vernal equinox to the summer solstice, the day is temporarily long, increasing by nine and a half quarters. From the summer solstice to the autumnal equinox, the reduction is the same. From the autumnal equinox to the winter solstice, the days are short, minus ten and a half quarters. From the winter solstice to the vernal equinox, the increase is the same. Also increase or decrease the number of ticks between each breath, more or less, it is impossible to follow the rate. At the beginning of the Han Dynasty, it was not known, and the rate was increased or decreased by one quarter on the ninth day. When Emperor Hedi waited for Huo Rong to change it. Zheng's annotation of "Shuwei · Kao Lingyao" still says "a quarter of a nine-day increase or decrease", which is still not yet awakened. Zheng noted this cloud: "Those with older days see the leakage at fifty-five quarters, and those with short days see the leakage at forty-five quarters." It is different from the calendar. Therefore, Wang Sunan said: "Knowing that the leakage of seeing in the day is reduced by five quarters, I didn't realize that Ma Rong had already reduced it. Because of Ma Rong's reduction and reduction, the length of the day is fifty-five quarters, because the winter solstice On the contrary, take the inscription on the night of the summer solstice, thinking that the days of the winter solstice are short, and this is why it is misleading." "The bird, the red bird in the south with seven nights" is an image in the sky, and the stars are in the shape of a bird. "Qu Li" talks about the journey of the army Chen Xiangtian, "the red bird in the front, the Xuanwu in the back, the green dragon on the left, and the white tiger on the right". "Finch" means bird. "Wu" means tortoise shell defending, so the Bianwen "Xuanwu" Yan. It is the shape of a dragon, a tiger, a bird and a turtle in the sky. There are seven constellations in all directions, each forming a shape. The east is shaped like a dragon, and the west is shaped like a tiger, both headed in the south and tailed in the north. The south is in the shape of a bird, and the north is in the shape of a turtle, with their heads in the west and tails in the east. Taking the elephant bird as the habitat in the south, it is said that the bird is called the red bird and the seven habitats. This sutra is a place to stay, which is not a class. Chunyan "star bird" always cites seven constellations. Xia Yan's "Xinghuo" refers to the house and the heart. Xu and Pleiades only give one night. People with different texts can communicate with each other. "Explanation" regards "Yin" as the middle, middle and justice are the same, so "Yin" is right. In this scripture, Dongxia says "Zheng", and Chunqiu says "Yin", which have the same meaning. At the dusk of the vernal equinox, after watching the birds and stars, you can see the stars. With the festival of mid-spring, counting the mid-spring day in Kui and Lou and entering Youdi, then at the first dusk, Jing and ghosts are at noon, Liu, Xing, Zhang are in Si, Zhen, and Zhang are in the same place. The wings are in the morning, and the red bird can be seen in the seven nights. There are three months in spring, and this scripture directly says "Zhongchun", so it is said that it is said that since Zhongchun is in full swing, and the moon of Jimeng is turned, then things can be known. The way of heaven rotates to the left, and the body of the sun moves to the right, so the direction of seeing the stars is opposite to the four seasons. Spring is seen in the south, summer is seen in the east, autumn is seen in the north, winter is seen in the west, this is natural. And "Shu Wei" is Wen Sheng's statement, saying that "spring and summer interact with each other, autumn and winter interact with each other, it is said that the mother makes the son, and the son helps the mother", which is a false talk. Ma Rong and Zheng Xuan thought that "the star bird and the star fire are in the south. Among the seven stars of the vernal equinox, among the faint stars of midsummer, among the faint stars of the autumnal equinox, and among the faint stars of the winter solstice, they all hold the star in the middle, not one side. Do", see that it is different from Kong. As for raising Zhongyue to unify, it was also the same as Kong. Wang Su also regarded the genus of the star bird as the star in the twilight, and the main difference is that the house is Mengyue, the middle of the day and Riyong are the middle moon, the star bird and Xinghuo are the quarter moon, "Yin" and "Zheng " All three months of the month, read "Zhong" as the middle, and say that each is in the middle of the three months. According to the words of Ma Rong and Zheng Xuan, it does not match the sky, and the sparks belong to the mid-month, so it is always the third month of Chen, and the day is in mid-spring, and the mid-qi in March is in the spring. If it is the middle of March in spring, it should be said "to be in the middle of spring" instead of "to be in the middle of mid-spring". Wang's theory is not literary. Kong's straight-forward approach to "Bi Jian" is somewhat circumstantial, and it is the best in terms of reasoning compared with kings and horses. ○ Transfer "Winter Chill" to "Yuewei". ○ Zhengyi said: "Jue, Qi", "Explanation of Words". The old and the weak live in the house, and the young and strong are suitable for the wild, which is also the analysis of the old and the strong. Breeding and characters are the same in ancient and modern times. The word training love also means that birth is milk, pregnancy is transformation, and pregnancy must love it, so emulsification is called "breeding". Birds and beasts all meet with their tails, so the handover is called "tail". The plan should be the first and the last, and you can say it casually. ○ Pass "Reiterate" to "Zhiguan". ○ Zhengyi said: "Shen, Zhong", "Shi Gu". This official is not only in charge of the four seasons, but also the aspect. It is said in the scriptures that "Southern Jiao" refers to the intersection of the South and the East. It is said that "Summer meets Spring". The day of the end of spring and the beginning of summer are intersecting in time, the south of the east, and the east of the south are intersecting, and the hands of Uncle Xi and Xi Zhong are intersecting. The four seasons all refer to the time of Zhongyue, and they think it does not rule Jimeng, so they say "Jiau" here, and it is the same at all four seasons in the Ming Dynasty, so it is rumored that "take a corner to see it". There is no winter in spring, and it is impossible to see its handover, and it is the handover of summer and spring, so I say this. ○ Spread "corruption" to "one corner" ○ Zhengyi said: "Corruption, transformation", "Explanation of Words". Grass seedlings show their spikes and turn into seeds, and they are also viviparous and emulsified. Therefore, "the official in charge of summer ordered the cultivation of the south", which means to persuade the people to cultivate the seedlings so that the seedlings will be beautiful. "Respect and practice the teaching, so as to achieve its merits" means to respect and practice the teaching of equal rank, so as to achieve the merits of education. Agricultural work is completed at the end of the year, and the respect and behavior are the same in all four seasons. From this point of view, it is the same in all four seasons, so it is said that "it is also a corner". The agricultural work in summer is especially urgent, so I will say this. ○ Pass "Yongchang" to "knowable" ○ Zhengyi said: "Yongchang", "Shi Gu". The day of the summer solstice is the longest, so it is known as the day of the summer solstice. The Qisu house is included in it, but the house and the heart are connected, and the heart is named after it. "Zuo Zhuan" says "in the fire" and "seeing the fire", and "Poetry" says "the fire flows in July", both refer to the house and the heart as fire, so it is called "fire, the star among the blue dragons". One star is specially cited, which is not the same as a bird, so it is said that "the seven stars can be seen and known when the number is selected". Ji Zhongxia is in Dongjing and enters Youdi, that is, at the time of first dusk, Jiao and Kang are at noon, Di, Fang and Xin are at Si, Wei and Ji are at Chen, and they can be seen in all seven constellations in the east. ○ Transfer "causes" to "reform" ○ Zhengyi said: Since the analysis of spring is outside, today's causes are based on them, so it is said that "causes, old and weak, should be farmed when the fields are young and strong." Birds and beasts have the most winter hairs, and spring still hasn't shed them, so the hairs are rare in summer, and the change is easy to move forward. "Revolution" means change, so it is called change. There is no meaning in the words of the training words, whether they come first or later. ○ Spread the word "Mingming" to "Governance of the State" ○ Zhengyi said: "Explanation" says: "Darkness is darkness." The "valley" is the way that the sun walks, the sun enters the valley and the world is dark, so it is said that the place where the sun enters is "the valley of ignorance", and it is not true that there is a valley but that the sun enters. In this classic, Spring and Autumn are relative, and Spring does not say "East", but cites Mobuya as "West", so we can know the East from the barbarians. However, if you say "Yi Yi" in the east, there is also a place in the west, which is why Que Qiwen sees each other. It is said that Yu Chun said "an official in the East", but not "holding spring", Xia said "an official in charge of summer", not "southern". All the time. ○ It is passed on from "sweetener" to "Chengwuye" ○ Zhengyi said: Seeing you off and drinking wine is called candied fruit, so "sweetie" is also called "giveaway". The leader quotes the words from the front, and the sender is called from the back. Because he wants to go out, he guides and leads them, and because he wants to enter, he sends them. This article is based on the appropriateness of the matter. Autumn is in the west, when all things are mature, order their autumn politics, and when they are not completed, they will work hard, and when they are mature, they will restrain themselves, help the sky to make things, and then send them into the sun. Na and Ru have the same meaning, so it is passed on to explain "Na". ○ Biography "Supper" to "Three Autumns" ○ Zhengyi said: "Supper, Night", "Interpretation of Words". Sheren said: "At night, the yang energy disappears." The three o'clocks all speak of the day, but autumn speaks of the night, so it is said in the biography: "Spring speaks of the day, autumn speaks of the night, and each prepares for each other." It also illuminates each other. Tomorrow's midday is also midday, and night's midday is also midday, so it can be deduced from this. It is enough to know that if the sun is long, the night will be shorter, and if the day is shorter, the night will be longer. Those who change the text at this time regard spring and autumn as day and night as equals. When spring says "rising sun", it means "day", and when autumn says "nari", it means "night", which is also appropriate. The Qisu in the north is falsely called the center, so it is falsely called the middle star of Xuanwu. Ji Zhongqiu's day is in the corner, and it enters the Youdi. At the beginning of dusk, the fight, the ox is in the noon, the woman, the emptiness, and the danger are in the si, and the room and the wall are in the celestial. When the sun is at dusk and see together, it is the March of Zhengqiu. ○ Transfer from "leveling" to "sorting" ○ Zhengyi said: "Shi Gu" says: "Yi, leveling, easy." Autumn crops are not yet ripe, and farming is still troublesome, so "old and strong are in the fields and Xiaping". "毨" has the beautiful and pleasant shape of feathers, so it is rationale. There are few hairs in summer, but today they regenerate. In summer, there are fewer hairs, but in autumn, there are more regrowth, so it is said "regenerating and tidying up". ○ Spread "Northern Name" to "Suo Zhang" ○ Zhengyi said: "Shi Xun" says: "Suo, the north is also." Sheren said: "Suo, the end. Everything in the north is exhausted, so it is called Shuo." Li Xun said : "Everything is in the north, revived and revived, so it is called the north." It is also "North is called Shuo". Xihe, the official of the four directions, should say "Fang" at all times, and those who say "Fang" here mean that they can see all three directions. Spring is the beginning of the year, so the name of the place is used; summer and spring are intersected, so it is called "South Jiao"; The outline of ancient history, its texts are also discovered by each other. "You" is opposite to "Ming" Wenheng. If the north is called "You", then the south should be called "Ming". From this we can see that there is no Wen in Xia. Dong said "youdu", Xia Dangyun said "Mingdu". Zheng Yun: "Xia did not say the three characters 'named the capital of Ming', Mo Mie also." There is no such word in Fu Sheng's recitation and the old version on the wall, so it is not Mo Mie. Wang Su said that "Xia has no 'Mingdu' and avoids 'respect', but the 'quiet' is enough to show 'Ming', and Quewen avoids it", as Su said, the meaning can be understood. "Everything is called a gathering" means that this place is the place where all things gather, and it does not refer to the place where all things gather together. "It's easy to say that the year changes to the north", people live in the wild at three o'clock, enter the hut in winter, and things grow at three o'clock, and enter the barn in winter. Wang Suyun: "Those who have changed their age, they should cover and accumulate according to the practice." Quoting "Poetry", "My wife, it is said to change the year, and enter this room." Wang Su said that the characters are easy, and Kong Yi is of course also. "Shi Gu" says: "When you are, you observe." Sheren said: "When you are, you observe when you see things." "It is "in" to observe righteousness, so it is said that "the average is to observe its politics, and to follow the heavens". It is said that "in inspection" must be linked with "average", and "in" is not repeated. Therefore, "Shun Dian "The biography of "Farewell" is more training. The three times all talk about "level rank", and the one who only talks about "levelness" uses the three times to serve the field, and it should be in order. In winter, everything is hidden, and it is necessary to examine it, so it is different Its text. In autumn, things are made, so it is rumored that "helps to make things", and in winter, it is hidden, the usual way of heaven, so it is said "follow the sky and always", because it is clear that "east work" and "southern error" are also assisting creatures, similar to the usual way. The general manager said that Xi and respecting and obeying Haotian, this is the difference between Uncle Zhong and Zhong Shu. He clarified that the four seasons are the rule of following the sky. What is in the palm is not a matter of the sky, so it is emphasized. ○ Biography "Xian Shi" to "Wen Yan". "Sun Yanyun: "It's also a hidden place in the room. "Xiao is the name of the room, so "Xi" is used as the room. Everything is exhausted, and the wild work is done. It is the year that changes. The weather changes the year, so I enter this room to avoid the wind and cold. When the weather comes, Therefore, all birds and beasts grow fine hairs to warm themselves. It is said in the scriptures that "氄毳" refers to the fine hairs attached to the flesh, so it is interpreted as "耎毳". ○ Transfer "Zixu" to "Lixiang" ", sigh", "ji, and" are all texts in "Shi Gu". "Welcome to the four o'clock is called the period", and "period" means "welcome". Therefore, Wang Suyun: "The period, the four o'clock is also. "However, in ancient times, the true calendar was destroyed by the Warring States Period and the Qin Dynasty. Although the six calendars in the Han Dynasty were detailed in the theory of the Five Periods, they were all pretended during the Qin and Han Dynasties. It is really impossible to have a general statement. Zhou Tian is three hundred and sixty-five degrees One quarter of a day. And one degree per day is one quarter of a day in three hundred and sixty-five days. This is true for all latitudes in "Kao Lingyao" and "Gan Chiu Du". This statement is three hundred and sixty For the six days, Wang Suyun said: "A quarter of a day is included in the six days, and the whole number can be expressed, so it is said that there are three hundred and sixty-six days. "The biography also explains the meaning of intercalation, which is based on the words of the great rate, saying: "One year and twelve months, the thirtieth day of the month, is also three hundred and sixty days; . " Today's scripture says that there are three hundred and sixty-six days, so it says "the remaining twelve days", which is not a period. If there are not thirty days in a month, there are twelve days in a year, so one month will be enough before the full age of three. , then it is placed in the intercalary. Time is divided into years, so it is said that "Qi Festival", which is called the twenty-four airs, the festival of the time and the moon. Cheng Ye. Liuli, Zhuwei and "Zhoubi" all say that the day travels once, and the moon travels 13 degrees and 19 divisions, which is half of the twenty-ninth day of each month. The day is divided into nine days according to the law. There are four hundred and ninety-nine days in one hundred and forty days, that is, there are twenty-nine and a half days in a month. It is December, and there are three hundred and forty-eight days in addition to the six major ones. The age is three hundred and sixty-six days, and the younger age is three hundred and fifty-five days, so there are no twelve days left in one year. Those who say "twelve days" today are calculated according to the large rate. In fact, one year old Yuzheng's 11th day is also weak. It is thought that there are seven leaps in the nineteenth year, and the eleventh day in the nineteenth year is two hundred and nine days. The fourth day of the seventh month and the third day are still two hundred and seven days. One day is weak and clear. Therefore, for the weak, if one quarter of a day is equal to nine hundred and forty points, then one is divided into two hundred and thirty-five points, which is less than the remaining point of a small month, which is three hundred and forty-eight points. Two hundred and thirty Five minus three hundred and forty-eight, not exactly one hundred and thirteen, is more than a quarter of a day. All of them are based on five days. Three, there are actually no six days left. If you smoke one day on six days, you get 940 points minus 113 points, which is not 827 points. If you don’t smoke for five days, you get 360 points Five days out of ten days are ten days, and the remaining nine hundred and forty days are eight hundred and twenty-seven, which is the real surplus of each year. In this nineteenth year, the ten days will be one hundred and ninety for a whole day. Nineteen times eight hundred and twenty-seven points, you get fifteen thousand seven hundred and thirteen. Divide it by nine hundred and forty days, and you get sixteen days. Take one hundred and ninety days as two hundred and six days, not Divide six hundred and seventy-three points into the remaining days. Today is the leap month to get seven, the twenty-ninth day of each month, and two hundred and three days in July. And every four hundred and ninety-nine points is multiplied by seven to get three thousand four hundred and ninety-nine Thirteen, divide the day by 940 to get three days. Two hundred and three days are also two hundred and six days, and six hundred and seventy-three days are also equivalent. Therefore, there is no indetermination of leap time If the year is not completed, if there is no leap, and there is a difference of one month in three years, then the first month will be February, and every month will be different; nine years and three months, that is, spring will be summer; Time is reversed; how can the time be determined, and how can the year be achieved? Therefore, it is necessary to set the intercalation to determine the four o'clock. Therefore, "Zuo Zhuan" says, "When the footsteps are at the beginning, the order will not be wrong; if the right is in the middle, the people will not be confused; return In the end, things will not go against each other." That's right, the former kings emphasized the leap. Wang Suyun: "Douzhi was built for the middle qi, where the sun and the moon are. Dou refers to two Chen, there is no energy in the middle, so it is considered to be leap. " ○ Pass "Yunxin" to "Qishan" ○ Zhengyi said: "Shi Xun" says: "Ghosts return what they say. " "Xiangjiuyi" says: "It's stupid to say something about spring." "However, in the "Shi Xun" there are examples of those who use similar sounds to train their meaning, "li, rule", "work, official", all use the sound close as a training, and he puts them all. "Achievement, merit", "Xian, Jie", "Shi Gu" text. "Xi, Guang", "Zhou Yu" text. The meaning of this scripture is under the "adult age", followed by the power of the text, and it is said that the teaching of the calendar can make All the merits are broad. "Laning at his goodness" means that the emperor laments the merits of Xihe.

This more than 9,000-word note is all about astronomy. This is the true face of the Confucian classics.

In ancient times, if a student had mastered the Four Books and Five Classics, he could be at least half an astronomer and mathematician. If he is interested in astronomy, has some talent, and spends time studying it, it is enough to become a real astronomer and mathematician.

In fact, nine out of ten of the great astronomers in Chinese history were originally Confucian scholars. For example, the famous Zhang Heng and Guo Shoujing, because of their great achievements in astronomy, we give them the title of astronomer according to today's standards. In fact, their real identity is out-and-out Confucian scholars. In Chinese history, since the Han Dynasty, the "chief engineer" and "chief commander" of every calendar revision project were all Confucian scholars without exception.

Therefore, in ancient China, there were countless talents in mathematics, astronomy, and engineering who were born as scholars, candidates, and Jinshi. Famous astronomers in ancient China, including Zhang Heng, Seng Yixing, and Guo Shoujing, are mostly "minke" according to some people today.

The same is true of the Ming Dynasty, "History of Ming Dynasty History":

Those who know the calendar without being a calendar official, apart from Zheng Shizi, Tang Shunzhi, Zhou Shuxue, Chen Rang, Yuan Huang, and Lei Zong all wrote.

Ming Dynasty did not serve as a calendar official but was proficient in astronomy and calendar calculations, that is, famous scholars who studied astronomy and calendar calculations in their spare time. In addition to the clan Zheng Shizi Zhu Zaiyu of the Ming Dynasty, there were also Tang Shunzhi, Zhou Shuxue, Chen Yang, Yuan Huang, Lei Zong and others. There are monographs handed down.

Xu Guangqi and Li Zhizao, two officials of the Ming Dynasty who were Jinshi, where did their knowledge of mathematics and astronomy come from? From the Confucian classics!

Xu Guangqi's father was very interested in astronomy and calendar calculations, and read a lot of related books. When Xu Guangqi wrote a biography to his father, he said, "First Examination of Things":

Extensively memorized, in the book of Zhanhou Ershi's book of yin and yang medicine and astrology, many comprehensive studies...[1]

As for Li Zhizao, he has been studying Confucianism in the "Yi Xue major", and entered his official career as a Jinshi in high school. Since ancient times, learning Yixue is the only way to enter the door of astronomy and mathematics. The famous astronomers and mathematicians in ancient times are all masters of Yixue.

Take another example.

In the 31st year of Wanli (1603), Li Zhizao was one of the examiners for the Fujian Provincial Examination (Juren Examination). Regardless of the township examination, general examination, palace examination, the examination that determines the fate of candidates is all policy theory. The topic of policy in this exam is exactly astronomy and calculus.

It is worth mentioning that a pair of cousins were admitted this time: Lin Yuji and Zhang Ruitu. Both of them were later developed into Christians by Li Zhizao.

If students across the country did not learn astronomy and calendar calculations, how could there be such exam questions? If the imperial court forbade the world to study astronomy and calendar calculations, how could the government come up with such exam questions?

Some people say that the Ming Dynasty prohibited the common people from learning astronomy and calendar. Numerous facts have proved that this theory is obviously nonsense.

In the Ming Dynasty, there were many talents who were proficient in astronomy. When Xu Guangqi operated Matteo Ricci and others to participate in the calendar, he recruited people with expertise in astronomy. Of course, all he recruited were Christians. In the forty-first year of Wanli (1613), he asked his family to find a way to contact such a person to enter Beijing in a letter from home:

What is urgent now is for those who want to know the "Datong Hui Hui calendar", so I hope that Zhou Ruoxu will come. If things come to fruition, make great instruments and use more people, even Baochi, it will also be useful. [2]

It can be seen that Xu Guangqi also knows that there are too many people in China who understand astronomy and calculus. For example, in the fifth year of Chongzhen, he immediately recommended four officials who were proficient in astronomy and calendar calculations to Emperor Chongzhen.

Among the foreign ministers, the ministers know Zhu Dadian, the governor of Shandong, and Li Tianjing, the inspector of Shaanxi... Now I can see that the former supervisory censor is sick and Jin Sheng is here... The minister also sees that the former imperial office was in charge of the Dali Temple. Now I'm listening to Wang Yinglin...[3]

These four officials are all Christians. The first three were all officials with Jinshi backgrounds, and Wang Yinglin was a vice-ranking Engong student. Undoubtedly, all four of them received a good Confucian education. Among them, Li Tianjing was a Jinshi in the Wanli 41st examination presided over by Ye Xianggao and Xu Guangqi, and he was Xu Guangqi's student. Therefore, Xu Guangqi arranged for Li Tianjing to be the person in charge of the calendar bureau when he was recruiting Jesuits to study the calendar. Under Ye Xianggao's special care, Wang Yinglin entered the court's Privy Council and was gradually promoted, and later also worked in Xu Guangqi's calendar bureau.

Even in the Qing Dynasty, there were many Confucian scholars who were proficient in astronomy and calculus. "Drafts of Qing History · Shi Xianyi":

"Those who know the calendar without being a calendar official, Mei Wending, Xue Fengzuo, and Wang Xichan, especially Jiang Yong, Dai Zhen, Qian Daxin, and Li Shanlan. Their clarification of the Chinese and Western calendars is far beyond Xu Guangqi, Li Zhizao, etc. On top of that."

That is to say, in the Qing Dynasty, they were not assigned to work in the observatory, but there were many talents who were proficient in the calendar, such as Mei Wending, Xue Fengzuo, Wang Xichan, etc. Their level far surpassed that of Xu Guangqi and Li Zhizao.

to be continued

Next : Xu Guangqi presided over the review of the calendar repair process, and the real purpose of Xu Guangqi and others' exhausting calculations in astronomy and calendar was exposed