汉堡王市长
汉堡王市长

法西斯主义|新纳粹 |勃艮第系统|“早该屠屠了”

遙遠六四想像的謬誤

(編輯過)
反复扭曲的記憶,最終讓真實離人越來越遠,後六四時代中國失去的社會主義

來自: The Forgotten Workers of Tiananmen Square (被遺忘的六四工人)


It's common for mainstream liberal thinkers to assume that the highly educated middle class is the key to democratization. The aftermath of June 4 is a clear counterexample. As Ho-fung Hung writes in his 2016 book The China Boom , surveys in China during the 1990s and early 2000s found that “most middle-class professionals and entrepreneurs [were] sternly opposed to political liberalization out of fear that it [would] unleash increasing social demands from below.” In general, research shows that it is the working class—not the middle class—who drive this kind of change.

非常常見的自由主義想法,都會假設“受過高等教育的”中產階層,才是民主化的關鍵。而後六四時代的經驗顯然是一個反例,根據Ho-Fung Hung在他2016年出版的書China Boom當中提及,從1990到2000年初在中國的田野調查當中發現,大部分中產階級專家和企業主們都是堅決反對政治自由化,擔心這種自由化會釋放出底層更多的社會需求。最終,研究者發現其實是勞工階層,而不是中產者,在推動政治方面的自由化。


來自“ Workers in the Tiananmen Protests: The Politics of the Beijing Workers' Autonomous Federation” : (天安門事件當中的工人,北京工人自治聯盟的政治活動):

Such an assessment appears, after more sustained research, to under estimate the significance of gongzilian in two distinct ways. First, the organization played an increasingly pivotal role in the mobilization of street protests after the declaration of martial law; as the student presence in the square dwindled in the last days of May, the membership of gongzilian grew, its organization reached a high state of readiness, and it took a high profile in organizing the resistance to martial law. Moreover, while gongzilian lacked formally organized branches in places of work, it had a number of important informal ties to workers and work units throughout the city, from whom it enjoyed steady moral and material support until the rifle shots began to ring out. Unlike the student movement, the workers' movement had picked up momentum after martial law and appeared to gain confidence and strength as May turned into June.

經過更長期的研究,之前的評估似乎以兩種不同的方式低估了工自聯的重要性。首先,該組織在宣布戒嚴後在街頭抗議活動中發揮了越來越重要的作用;五月的最後幾天,隨著廣場上學生人數的減少,工自聯的成員越來越多,其組織也達到了高度的準備狀態,並高調組織了戒嚴。此外,雖然工自聯在工作場所缺乏正式的分支機構組織,但它與全市工人和工作單位有許多重要的非正式聯繫,從他們那裡得到穩定的精神和物質支持,直到六四事件當中的槍聲響起。與學生運動不同的是,工人運動在戒嚴後有所回升,並且隨著五月結束進入六月,工人運動逐漸獲得了更多信心和力量。

來自Tiananmen Square Thirteen Years After: The Prospects for Civil Unrest in China (天安門廣場三十年之後,中國社會動蕩的不同角度)

Despite being targeted for repression in 1989, workers from SOEs are especially susceptible to mobilization for protest demonstration. Their long employment in state-owned enterprises gives them access to an organizational infra- structure much like that of students. Employment in SOEs embeds a worker in a stable network of social contacts that go beyond the workplace itself. Member- ship in this network enables workers to communicate quickly and easily with a large number of potential participants. Life as an SOE employee has also given them experience in organized collective action, even if those activities were organized by the firm or the party in the service of goals sanctioned by the state.

儘管在1989 年成為鎮壓目標,但國有企業的工人特別容易被動員起來進行抗議示威。他們在國有企業的長期工作使他們能夠使用與學生非常相似的組織架構。國有企業的就業將工人嵌入到超越工作場所本身的穩定社會聯繫網絡中。該網絡的成員資格使工作人員能夠快速輕鬆地與大量潛在參與者進行交流。作為國有企業員工的生活也讓他們體驗到有組織的集體行動,即使這些活動是由公司或政黨為實現國家批准的目標而組織的。


Third, unlike the previous two waves of demonstrations since Mao's death, the Tiananmen Square demonstrations were crushed with unprecedented brutality. No doubt the participation of urban workers and government/party employees alarmed party leaders to a degree unmatched by previous waves of largely student-based demonstrations. On 3-4 June, units of the People's Liberation Army (PLA) entered Tiananmen Square and began forcibly evicting demonstrators. Between 1,000 and 2,600 demonstrators were killed, although estimates vary considerably. Six thousand soldiers reported nonfatal injuries, and an unknown number of civilians were wounded. The party quickly moved to jail or exile most of the leaders of the movement. 31 Within two weeks, officially reported arrests totaled 1,600. By the spring of 1991, 2,578 arrests were confirmed by the Chinese government. Hong Kong sources put the figure closer to 4,000.32 The level of repression in 1989 (as well as the suddenness and brutality of it) was unprecedented and unanticipated by the demonstrators. Any assessment of protest cycles in China would suggest that the absence of nationwide demonstrations for over a decade is attributable in part to the harshness with which the 1989 movement was repressed.

第三,與毛逝世以來的前兩波示威不同,天安門廣場的示威以前所未有的殘酷鎮壓。毫無疑問,城市工人和政府/黨內僱員的參與使黨的領導人感到震驚,其程度是之前以學生為主的示威浪潮所無法比擬的。 6 月3 日至4 日,中國人民解放軍(PLA)部隊進入天安門廣場並開始強行驅逐示威者。 1,000 至2,600 名示威者被殺,但估計數相差很大。六千名士兵報告了非致命傷,還有數目不詳的平民受傷。該黨很快將大部分運動領導人關進監獄或流放。 31 在兩週內,官方報告的逮捕總數為1,600。到1991 年春,中國政府確認逮捕了2,578 人。香港消息人士稱,這個數字接近4,000.32。1989 年的鎮壓程度(以及它的突然性和野蠻性)是前所未有的,也是示威者始料未及的。對中國抗議週期的任何評估都表明,十多年來沒有全國性的示威活動,部分原因是1989 年的運動被鎮壓的嚴厲程度。

In the aftermath of Tiananmen Square, China's leadership implemented a strategy of social control intended to head off a recurrence of those events. First, this strategy involved diminishing the grievances of urban workers by restoring economic growth and reducing inflation. In this manner, they hoped to erode the student-worker coalition. Second, the party crushed student and worker organizations, imprisoning dissident leaders, and re-emphasizing political education in the university curriculum and the mass media. The prospects for a recurrence of demonstrations hinge in part on the capacity of the state to sustain this two- pronged strategy.

天安門廣場事件發生後,中國領導層實施了旨在阻止這些事件再次發生的社會控制戰略。首先,該戰略涉及通過恢復經濟增長和降低通貨膨脹來減少城市工人的不滿。通過這種方式,他們希望削弱學生工人聯盟。其次,黨粉碎學生和工人組織,監禁持不同政見的領導人,並在大學課程和大眾媒體中重新強調政治教育。國家維持這種雙管齊下戰略的能力最終限制了再次發生類似示威活動的可能。

來自Chronology of Events Related to the 1989 Tiananmen Square Incident (1989年天安門事件時間表)

15 May 1989: Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev arrives in Beijing for the first Sino-Soviet summit in thirty years. The government's threat to empty Tiananmen Square by force fails to materialize while workers, intellectuals, and even public and party agency employees demonstrate in the Square to support the young hunger strikers. Yan Mingfu, a member of the party Secretariat, talks to the students.

1989 年5 月15 日:蘇聯領導人米哈伊爾·戈爾巴喬夫(Mikhail Gorbachev) 抵達北京,參加30 年來首次中蘇會晤。當工人、知識分子,甚至公共和黨的機構僱員在廣場上示威支持年輕絕食者時,政府以武力威脅清空天安門廣場未能實現。黨委書記閻明復與學生交談。

20 May 1989: Martial law is declared in Beijing at 10:00 am by an order bearing the signatures of Deng Xiaoping, President Yang Shangkun, and Li Peng. As students and workers appealing for democracy surround its soldiers, the Thirty-eighth Group Army decides to turn around after having pulled into Beijing. Yang Shangkun calls for group armies from all military regions to deploy around the capital. Passenger trains and domestic air flights are cancelled. Demonstrators number over one million.

1989 年5 月20 日:上午10 點,北京宣布戒嚴,鄧小平主席、楊尚昆主席和李鵬簽署命令。當呼籲民主的學生和工人包圍其士兵時,三十八集團軍在拉入北京後決定掉頭。楊尚昆號召各軍區的集團軍在京城周圍部署。旅客列車和國內航班取消。示威者人數超過一百萬。

22 May 1989: The government drops warning leaflets from a helicopter onto students in Tiananmen Square warning them to leave the Square or the army would force them out. Seven senior military officers write in a letter in the People's Daily, "The People's Liberation Army [PLA] belongs to the people. It cannot confront the people. The army cannot enter the city."

1989 年5 月22 日:政府從直升機上向天安門廣場的學生散發警告傳單,警告他們離開廣場,否則軍隊將迫使他們離開。七名高級軍官在人民日報的一封信中寫道:“解放軍是人民的,不能對抗人民,軍隊不能進城。”

【正文】

關於六四的想像,很多來自後人的不斷疊加和加工,最終形成了許多大眾媒體,尤其是港台和歐美一些媒體對於六四的印象:學生聚集起來抗議獨裁暴政,共產黨殘暴屠殺,共產黨壞壞。

除此以外,無論閱讀多少篇此類媒體的“報導”,都不會得到什麼新的發現。是的,共產黨壞壞,是的,民主萬歲。


可是真實的六四和這些有任何關聯嗎?


1989年,當人們從全中國各地聚集在廣場的時候,很多人,甚至絕大多數人都是不清楚自己幾十年後會被稱為“民主鬥士”的。許多人的目的各自不同,甚至其想要達到的政治結果也是完全相反的。工人們想要自己的工人聯合自治,以及反對進一步的私有化,市民們想要停止腐敗,普通的政府工作者怨恨政府的低效率和無能。然而最終只有一種敘事模式最終成為了,所謂人們眼中的“六四”,那就是學生,而且還是僅僅最少部分學生的政見,成了“代表六四百萬餘示威者”的“正確的”“共同的"六四記憶。

六四本身作為1978年1979年以及八十年代各種中國大陸發生的示威活動,本身其實是一種之前的其他示威活動的延續。其目標本身也沒有脫離更實際的要求,比如反腐,比如控制物價,等等等等。而六四本身作為”自由“”民主“運動的說法,甚至直到1989年5月時候,才剛剛被廣場上的一小部分學生提出,一定程度上,這種看法最終也劫持了整個六四後四十年的敘事。不管是中國還是外國,人們都只記得“這是一場自由化”運動,除此之外沒有別的。除了親歷者當中的人,中國的防火牆和海外的媒體牆共同塑造了一個虛假的六四記憶,一個從來不存在的六四。而曾經組織聯合罷工的工人和在外圍圍堵軍隊進京的市民,自願放下武器撤出北京的軍隊,還有反對鎮壓的黨政領導,均被徹底遺忘。而最重要的,六四本身的意義最終也被徹底扭曲,成了和一般的“茉莉花革命”一樣毫無意義的,無聊的,養尊處優的小市民們的談資,或者一種用來破壞中國國家機器的工具。

1989年當多數人走向自己城市的廣場的時候,他們是在呼喚一個強大的國家機器來肩負起自己應有的責任,制止腐敗,抑制經濟自由化對人的損害。而真正戒嚴令下達,以及最終的鎮壓,則是開始於整個國家機器已經產生嚴重崩潰的跡象之後。讓人非常困惑的是,鎮壓發生之前,中共當中不只自由主義傾向的領導者,甚至連被認為是六四鎮壓屠夫的李鵬,都曾經和學生領袖對話過,甚至去醫院探望。當時的社會都認為整個事件最終能和平解決。然而進入五月之後,因為更多的其他社會團體的加入,運動本身的訴求變得越來越多,有些甚至完全相互矛盾,而學生本身從未能建立對整個運動的引導,以至於最終面對數百萬人的不斷抗議,軍隊抗命,政府機關不服從,和平的談判已經完全無法進行,甚至連談判對像都已經不存在,政府要面對無數因為各種各樣原因憤怒和不滿的人民,毫無辦法。

從這些看去,六四的另一種結果,當然毫無疑問的是當時中國政府的徹底顛覆,以及國家機器的徹底崩潰。至於這之後是不是如“民運鬥士”所願,中國成為沒有共產黨的“民主”?不好意思,沒人知道。但是很清楚的一點,那就是哪怕廣場運動頂峰時期,學生都對其他社會團體毫無引導和製約能力,那沒有共產黨的後六四時代,又如何指望“民主”學生們去引導有自我武裝能力的工人和士兵呢?六四的鎮壓,最終崩潰的不是中國的民主,而是一次潛在可能的工人革命和二次佈爾什維克紅十月,中國付出了血的代價,但是幸運的是,中國沒有因為六四的另一個結果,付出更大的血的代價,一個中國無法承受的二次革命的代價。


當前的中國,政府對於信息的管控,和各種手段,以及要感謝歐美方面對六四單一化的敘事,讓新生代中國人沒辦法把這個當年幾乎是全面階級內戰的導火索,和當今中國的時事聯繫起來。所以儘管階級矛盾依然在中國存在,很少有人知道,六四真的是什麼。這或許是某種中共和西方共同的默契。因為兩邊都沒有勇氣面對真實的六四。










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